According to Mowen (1987) and Ramayah (2002), the word "attitude" comes from the Latin term, aptus which means "fitness" or "adaptedness". Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) conceptualized attitude as the amount of affect for or against some object. In recent years, the trend is to link attitude to the concept of feelings rather than beliefs. Mowen (1987) in his book entitled Consumer Behaviour, defined attitudes as consisting of the following: i. Attitudes are likes and dislikes. ii. The "major characteristics that distinguish attitude from other concepts are its evaluative or affective nature". iii. Attitudes are the core of our likes and dislikes for certain people, groups, situation, object and intangible ideas. According to Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour, attitude relates to one’s own personal views about a behaviour. Attitude may also be defined as positive or negative views of an “attitude object”; i.e. a person, behaviour or event. In relation to taxation, taxpayers’ attitudes may be defined as positive or negative views of tax compliance behaviour. The outcome of positive views is tax compliance and negative views are tax non compliance. These views may be explained …show more content…
If such attitudes would carry over to actual compliance, enhancing these norms, as through increasing overall trust in government, is a desirable policy instrument to complement the usual enforcement options. The attitude of taxpayers varies considerably. Some comply to the fullest extent required, irrespective of whether the IRS is actively auditing them or their industry. Other taxpayers essentially play the audit lottery and either do not prepare contemporaneous documentation or prepare the absolute minimum with the hope of avoiding the imposition of penalties (Turner, 2003). An individual’s attitude towards tax system may predict his tax compliance
It is believed that a person’s attitude influences their memory. Many researchers have conducted experiments on this hypothesis. It has been determine that attitude does have an effect on memory; however, there has been discrepancies in the research results to what extent am individual’s attitude has on recall of past behavior (Aronson, 2012, pp. 164-165). Research done in 1943 by Levine and Murphy indicated that people tend to remember information that supports their social attitude rather than information that does not (Aronson, 2012, pp. 165). Similarly, earlier research looked at the effect attitude had on behavior and memory and found a negative correlation among the two (Aronson, 2012). Moreover, subsequent research has not conclusively determined that a person’s attitude influences their memory. Aronson reminds us that there is still room for further research to determine exactly the extent to which attitudes effect memory (2012).
its relevance to understanding the attitudes and practices not only accepted but expected during the
This is demonstrated in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. On the other hand, the proposition can't be comprehended without an understanding of what precisely an air is. Aristotle accepted that demeanors are one of three aggregations of things that make up the spirit. Emotions and limits are the other two; they contrast from manners in that they are not inclined reactions.
A person’s attitude is mostly what everyone around him or her will view them as. From this they can tell many things. Whether it is if the person is funny or down to earth or even irresponsible. Many times people change personalities often and they would be classified as being a dynamic type of person. A person who is doesn’t change is classified as being a static character. Willy, from Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, is a static character for his inability to grasp reality, his poor parenting and his constant lying to his wife.
Attitudes are associated with specific individuals. One’s attitude is not necessarily regarded as collective attitude maintained in the particular society (Lieberman and Fredrick, 157). Each of the individuals affiliated with the social group can chose their won attitudes towards a particular individual or group in the particular social context. The cases of negative attitudes and discrimination in society more often than not prevail on the basis of racial differences. Hence, individuals’ attitudes in the perpetuation of discrimination and racial inequality have lowered significance in
Attitude was also important toward healthful food preparation because attitude have been proved to influence and predict behavior (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980). However in learning facility, an attitude does not necessarily influence behavior in handling the issues of safe (Azni, Yusoff, Dorishah and Norazamina, 2010).
The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and application of trait theory. This paper then moves focus to these theorists, outlining their theory and analysing both the strengths and weaknesses of those theories. An illustration of the methods used in trait measurement is given and includes the arguments both for and against such procedures. Lastly the findings of trait theory and its components described within the paper will be summarised.
Cultivation theory has endured some criticism for failing to initially acknowledge other genre-specific contexts outside of television (Arendt, 2010; Bilandzic & Buzzell, 2008; Good, 2008). According to cultivation theory, stories that disseminate recurrent or similar messages can alter a viewer’s perception about social reality, which is why the Narrative is considered to be one form of genre-specific context where stories are placed into categories where recurrent messages are shared that convey a common theme (Bilandzic & Buzzell, 2008). Therefore, considering porn as narrative content and internet as medium, cultivation theory can hypothesize regular exposure to a core message will overlap regardless of the content being viewed, thus causing the viewer to believe a particular message over time (Bilandzic & Buzzell, 2008). Moreover, the intensity of the narrative experience and the lack of adequate counterarguments heightens the effectiveness of the narrative by altering viewer attitudes and beliefs (Bilandzic & Buzzell, 2008).
Wood, W. (2000). Attitude change: Persuasion and social influence.. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 539.
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
...t functions in our everyday life and relationships. Our culture is a good determinant of how we may act and show our feelings around people. The social conventions in our culture also serves as a guide as to what is supposed to be proper behavior when we are playing our social roles in the society we live in. There are times when people would choose to present artificial emotions because of the anxious situations that they are dealing with, hence refusing to disclose their feelings to others. A person’s personality also has huge influence on how they understand and convey expressions; just as our personality shapes our emotions, in turn our emotions also affect our personality. The people that we often socialize with can influence our feelings as we do the same with them. As has been noted, these are all the factors that influence the expression of our emotions.
All people see and perceive things in different ways due to conditioning through their culture (Wulff 423). This “personal equation” is very important in terms of subjectivity because every individual’s personal experiences shape the way they think, take in information, and share information (Wulff 423).
An attitude is the value a person assigns to something or someone. For example, individuals have differing attitudes against all kinds of aspects such as immunisations, asylum seekers and people with disabilities. People may have either a negative or positive attitude towards these particular examples because of numerous internal and external factors. Attitude formation theories help us understand how another person’s attitude takes shape and why people have these specific beliefs. Often, peoples attitudes about something will reflect in their behaviour and how they act towards it.
The study mainly elaborates on the idea of how people's demeanors are affected by their intentions, that affects in its term their perceptions through five main hypotheses with the theory of reasoned action expect people's behaviors. Liew and Lim have also
Motivation is not only the outcome of single or few factors; rather it is the result of the interaction of both unconscious and conscious types of factor lying deep inside of an individual ("What is the motivation? Definition and meaning"). The interaction between these factors motivates or de-motivates an individual to a greater extent. To take an example, these factors can be the dedication or the commitment that an individual have towards the goal attainment, the level to which an individual values the reward, and the level to which an individual perceives that he or she is treated equally as with his or her peers. Out of all, this paper talks about the expectation factor that an individual has in his or her mind which motivates or