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Capital structure decisions
Factors that influence capital structure
Capital structure evaluation
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Recommended: Capital structure decisions
Contents :
Introduction on Capital Structure
Summary and Evaluation of Articles
Conclusion
References/Bibliography
Introduction On Capital Structure :-
In the field of finance capital structure means a way an organization or firms finances their assets by the way of some mix and match of Equity, Debt or Hybrid Securities.
The modern thinking on capital structure is based on the Modigliani-Miller theorem given by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller. The theorem suggests that in a perfect market the total value of the company remains the same depending upon how is that company financed. This theorem proves the importance of capital structuring by the firms throughout the globe. There are other reasons as well like bankruptcy costs, agency costs and asymmetric information. Also this paper has tried to explain the trade off theory and it also talks about the firm-specific and country-specific factors of capital structure.
Articles Relating to Capital Structure :-
There have been lots and lots of study, researches, arguments, and articles written on capital structures as it is one of the wide topics to discuss upon.
For an Example, If a company sells £40bn pounds in equity and £60bn pounds as debt then the company is said to be having a capital structure with 40% equity finance and 60% debt finance. And the company’s Leverage Ratio which is given by dividing total debt to total financing i.e. 60% in this example.
Starting with a very informative article in which the writers have tried to analyze the importance of firm-specific and country-specific factors in the leverage choices of 42 different countries around the world. Past researches by [Demirgüç-Kunt and Maksimovic, 1999], [Booth et al., 2001], [Claessens, ...
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...re around the world: The roles of firm-specific and country-specific determinants’, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol.32, No. 9, pp. 1954-1969. [WWW] Available from-
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Miller, M. (1977) ‘Debt and Taxes’, Journal of Finance, Vol.32, pp. 261-276.
Modigliani, F. and Miller, M. (1963) ‘Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction’, American Economic Review, Vol.53, pp. 433-443.
Rajan, R. and Zingales, L. (1995) ‘What do we know about capital structure? Some evidence from international data’, Journal of Finance, Vol.50, pp. 1421–1460.
Telser, L. (1966) ‘Cutthroat competition and the long purse’, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.9, pp. 259–277.
Balance sheet lists assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. The assets listed on the balance sheet are acquired either by debt (liabilities) or equity. “Companies that use more debt than equity to finance assets have a high leverage ratio and an aggressive capital structure. A company that pays for assets with more equity than debt has a low leverage ratio and a conservative capital structure. That said, a high leverage ratio and/or an aggressive capital structure can also lead
In SIVMED’s case, based on the definition of WACC, all capital bases should be included in its WACC. These include its common stock, preferred stock, bonds and long-term borrowings. In addition to being able to compute for the costs of capital, the WACC also determines how much interest SIVMED has to pay for all its activities. The value of the firm’s stock, which we want to maximize, depends of the after-tax cash flow. Hence, after-tax values for WACC are also needed. Furthermore, cost of capital is used to determine the cost of each debt, stock or common equity. Being able to analyze these will be essential into deciding what and how new capital should be acquired. Hence, the present marginal costs are ideally more essential than historical costs.
What is the capital structure of the company: short-term portion of long-term debt, long-term debt, preferred stock (if any), and market value of common stock issued and outstanding?
Financial leverage ratio that is the most appropriate is the Debt to Equity Ratio. The Debt to Equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses to finance their assets relative to the amount of shareholder’s equity. The higher the debt to equity the more debt is used to finance the business. Boeing obtained a ratio of 1.5728 and the Industry has a 1.7587 or in other words Boeing uses 18.59% less debt to finance their company.
See Exhibit C. CAPITAL STRUCTURE MCI's current capital structure is x% debt and y% equity. Their key ratios are a, b, and c. Comparing to other firms in the utilities industry they appear to be underutilizing (debt/equity). See Exhibit D for more information. Referencing the forecast there is expected to be an x% annual increase in net income which would support an increase in debt/equity and keep ratios within the range of other firms in the industry (see exhibit E)....
Train, Kenneth E., Optimal Regulation : The Economic Theory of Natural Monopoly, October 1991, p231-45
There is no universal theory of the debt-equity choice, and no reason to expect one. In this essay I will critically assess the Pecking Order Theory of capital structure with reference and comparison of publicly listed companies. The pecking order theory says that the firm will borrow, rather than issuing equity, when internal cash flow is not sufficient to fund capital expenditures. This theory explains why firms prefer internal rather than external financing which is due to adverse selection, asymmetry of information, and agency costs (Frank & Goyal, 2003). The trade-off theory comes from the pecking order theory it is an unintentional outcome of companies following the pecking-order theory. This explains that firms strive to achieve an optimal capital structure by using a mixture debt and equity known to act as an advantage leverage. Modigliani and Miller (1958) showed that the decisions firms make when choosing between debt and equity financing has no material effects on the value of the firm or on the cost or availability of capital. They assumed perfect and frictionless capital markets, in which financial innovation would quickly extinguish any deviation from their predicted equilibrium.
Modigliani & Miller applied their theories with two modules, one which doesn’t include the taxes and this is their first finding, and another one with taxes to make it more realistic. The First Proposition without taxes: In this part Modigliani & Miller stated that the firm’s value is not affected by the structure of the capital between Equity and Debt, They proved this by having an example of two firms that have got the same conditions in everything, same cash flow, same operational risks and same opportunity costs. One of the firm’s capital structure is all equity and the other firm’s capital structure is a mixture between equity and debt, since the form of financing (debt or equity) can neither change the firm’s net operating income nor its operating risk, the values of levered and unlevered firms will be the same. They have concluded that the value of the levered firm = the value of the unlevered firm, only if they have the same conditions, same risk levels, cash and opportunity cost.
2 (1970): 383–417. i.e. a. Fama, Eugene F. “Efficient Capital Markets II.” Journal of Finance 46, no. 1 (September, 2011). 5 (1991): 1575–1617.
Finding the perfect capital structure in terms of risk and reward can ensure a company meets shareholder expectations and protects a firm in times of recession. Capital structure refers to how a business puts its money to “work”. The two forms of capital structure are equity capital and debt capital. Both have their benefits and limitations. Striking that perfect balance between the two can mean the difference between thriving versus trying to survive.
Brealey, Richard A., Marcus, Alan J., Myers, Stewart C. 1999, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Craig S. Beytien, USA.
The capital structure decisions for Target Inc. are significant since the profitability of the firm is specifically influenced by this decision. Profit maximization is part of the wealth creation process and wealth maximization can be a lengthy process for financial managers. Profits affect the value of the firm and it is expressed in the value of stock. Cost of capital is how investors evaluate weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Capital structure ratios help investors gauge the level of risk that a company is taking on through financing. While Target
Ÿ Capital structure/investment - This information is taking from the Balance sheet, but also from the Profit and Loss Account. This is examining the sources of finance the company has used and also looking at it as a potential investment opportunity. There are certain features, which must be present if financial information is to meet the needs of the user. The two most important features are that: Ÿ The information should be relevant to those who are using it.
The capital structure of a firm is the way in which it decides to finance its operations from various funds, comprising debt, such as bonds and outstanding loans, and equity, including stock and retained earnings. In the long term, firms seek to find the optimal debt-equity ratio. This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of different capital structure mixes, and consider whether this has any relevance to firm value in theory and in reality.
Case, Karl and Fair, Ray. “Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly.” Principles of Microeconomics. Prentice Hall. 2004. Page 281.