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Planning and preparing internal quality assurance
Quality assurance principles and concepts
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We have read and discussed the “DCNC Intro and APM.doc”. When reviewing the audit plan of DCNC, we came across problems with the significant risks section and the section on significant accounting and auditing matters. In particular, the second matter described involves capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale stuck out in our minds. Our concerns and proposed solutions are addressed below.
Significant Risks
DCNC noted the following significant risks: 1) engagement in a strategy to sell to customers with higher credit risk and 2) officers of the company to receive significant bonuses based on quarterly results.
Solution for risk 1: In order to properly manage the risk of the customer selling strategy, auditors should
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They also need to increase unpredictability of audit procedures and sampling. Furthermore, they must verify the cutoff of sales and transactions.
Capitalization Costs
In concern with the capitalization cost, the main issue at hand is whether our software development qualifies for capitalization. According to FASB ASC 985-20-25-1, all costs incurred to establish the technological feasibility of a computer software product to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are research and development costs . Those costs shall be charged to expense when incurred as required by Subtopic 730-10.
The major audit issue will be determining when the technology (and/or intangible assets derived from technology development) becomes technologically feasible and when to allow costs to be capitalized. The feasibility is determined through a series of tests and assessments deemed appropriate by DCNC. Once determined, the feasibility of this technology will be expensed in the same periods as the research and development costs occur. One of the most important criteria is determining and measuring the expenditures that are related to the intangible asset during development. Other factors include the completion of the technology and when the intangible asset is eligible to be used. Following the appropriate standards will allow for audit issues such as this to be minimized, but determining the technological feasibility is often challenging for
Star Appliance is looking to expand their product line and is considering three different projects: dishwashers, garbage disposals, and trash compactors. We want to determine which project would be worth doing by determining if they will add value to Star. Thus, the project(s) that will add the most value to Star Appliance will be worth pursuing. The current hurdle rate of 10% should be re-evaluated by finding the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Then by forecasting the cash flows of each project and discounting them by the WACC to find the net present value, or by solving for the internal rate of return, we should be able to see which projects Star should undertake.
An important part of financial planning for corporations is the annual report. Publically held companies are required to submit an annual report to the SEC and private companies, even though not required, can use an annual report to gauge the performance of the company for the past year and use the report to plan for the future. The financial statements that make up an annual report are the income statement, the balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. (Melicher, 2014) Once all of the financial information has been compiled and the three statements that make up the annual report have been completed a corporation can then start to analyze the data. There are several different categories of financial ratios
A key factor in determining a project's viability is its cost of capital [WACC]. The estimation of Boeing's WACC must be consistent with the overall valuation approach and the definition of cash flows to be discounted. Note that this process is a forward looking focus and is laden with uncertainty. It is how the assumptions are modeled that many costly mistakes can be made. While finding a rate of return for an individual project, it is important to remember that WACC is only appropriate for an individual project.
The effectiveness of tax auditing means that the tax auditors had performed an effective work without any impact on the tax payers. There are five factors that considered as the determinants for the effectiveness of tax auditing, which are audit quality, management support, organizational setting, attributes of the audited party and organizational independence. The tax audit effectiveness also refer to the ability and capability of a tax audit to provide useful findings of auditing and recommendations which would attracted the management’s interest. The management that support with resources and implement the recommendations of tax audit is essential for reaching the tax audit effectiveness. Besides, the organizational setting in operations
One of the first steps in discovery-driven planning is creating a reverse income statement which provides financial insights from the bottom up. The reverse income statement relies on initial profit targets and allows the firm to draw conclusions about revenues, sales volumes, and per unit costs to determine the feasibility of the new, disruptive venture. The organization can then make educated assumptions regarding its costs to develop, sell, produce, and distribute the product and integrate this data into the reverse income statement to test for valid targets and further judge project viability.
The Consumer and Industrial Products, Inc a company where their headquarters is based in the United States , also doing business internationally with facilities in Europe, Asia and South America. They are a manufacturing company what produced well known products to individuals and industries. This company is experiencing a great deal of trouble with their internal Payable Audit System (PAS) and how it would purchase goods; receive goods and pays for them. They are challenged with the redundancy and the lack of productivity to their system. They were finding ways to lower costs and eliminating steps in how these processes are getting accomplished. They decided that they needed to change their system and the way they did things at their business. There are some people, their roles and departments that will be closely involved with the process of this project. Some of these important roles will come from Ted Anderson director of disbursements, Peter Shaw the user project manager and Linda Watkins project director for the Payable Audit System (PAS). In addition, the Steering Group and the IS management department will have some important roles to the project too. Finally, there will be several major problems with the development of the project and how the one person would deal with these issues.
It was the year 1987 when the Gartner Group popularized the form of full cost accounting named Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)(author, Gartner Total Cost of Ownership). Originally TCO was mainly used in the IT business sector. This changed in the 1980’s when it became clear to many organizations that there is a distinct difference between purchase price and full costs of a products ownership. This brings us towards the main strength of conducting a TCO analysis, besides taking the purchase costs into account, which consist of the amount a money an organization pays for the required service, product or capital outlay. It also considers 1. Acquisition costs; these can consist of sourcing, administration, freight, and taxes. 2. Usage costs, which consists of the costs associated with converting the given product or service into a finished product. And finally 3. End of life cycle costs; the costs or profits incurred when disposing of a product. TCO can be seen as a form of full cost accounting; it systematically collects and presents all the data for each proposed alternative.
Initial Capital Requirements: - Huge initial development period and very high investment costs, tooling costs, and WIP are necessary even before the company starts producing and selling aircrafts. It takes over 5 years of development and production costs before company starts earning revenues. Commitment to buy and investments from launch customers are crucial.
A consolidated financial statement can be defined as the financial statements of a parent and its subsidiaries combined to form a single economic entity (AASB 10, 2011). The entity, which acquires the other entity, is known as the parent and the entity, which has been acquired, is known as the subsidiary. Consolidation financial reports arise when one entity purchases another entity, to then form a group.
To test the financial feasibility and plan acceptability, there must be information on the magnitude, and share of estimated project cost that are reimbursable. This information can be derived from cost allocation. Also where cost sharing is required in the multipurpose planning process cost allocation can be applied. Cost allocation also provides information necessary for allocating the real expenditures ensuring that the cost account are maintained in line with plan formulation and allocation principles during the subsequent c...
Our aim is to monitor the risks areas for early detection of errors and also to ensure the management awareness of risks. The main objectives is to generate accurate estimates for modifying and integrating existing software and thereby developing the software at the expected productivity rate. The project will also look into the ability to estimate the proper size of the software development and integration effort where the known state of the software level requirements are collected at the time of estimate. The objective also includes the ability to effectively manage the requirements and changes which will result in software size growth. This will adversely affect the scheduled
The final model used to compute the cost of capital was the earning capitalization model. The problem with this model is that it does not take into consideration the growth of the company. Therefore we chose to reject this calculation. The earnings capitalization model calculations were found this way:
Identify the potential risks which affect the company and manage these risks within its risk appetite;
The audit risk is consists of three elements which are inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. The audit model is important to the audit process. The audit risk model provides the basic for the current emphasis on the risk-based audit approach and it assists the auditor in determining the scope of auditing procedures for a particular account balance or class of transactions. Based on the assessed risk, the auditor may determine whether the use of more tests of control or substantive procedures is appropriate to address the
During the last few years, Harry Davis Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program that had been proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Harry Davis’s cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task.