Composite Materials Laboratory Report
Introduction to Materials Engineering (MatE25)
Lab Section 8
by
Carolyn Jaring
Laboratory Instructor:
Joshua Moore
March 11, 2014
Introduction
Composites are materials that are made out of two or more constituent materials with significantly different mechanical properties which when combined produce an overall material that is better than the individual components. Different types of composites include Ceramics, Composite Building Materials, Fiber-reinforced materials, and metal composites. Fiber reinforced materials are made up of axial particulates that are embedded within a matrix. The matrix of this said composite is epoxy. Epoxy is a thermoset polymer. Polymers are made up of long carbon chains that are linked together. Their mechanical properties varies with the way and degree of how and to what extent the chains are cross-linked together. Thermoset polymers form networks of chains with a great degree of polymerization, thus making the polymer brittle and hard. To counter this failure, a fiber that will add strength to the polymer will be added, thus, making a strong fiber-reinforced composite. The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast different fiber reinforced composite that are suitable replacement for some steel parts of a hybrid car based on its weight, cost, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. To compare the strength of different types of fiber, the team used only one fiber geometry for three fiber reinforced composites with different fiber materials in each dog bone sample.
Experimental Procedure
Since a uniaxial tension is going to be utilized for a structural loading application, the team decided on one type of filling and f...
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...d using Instron and a graph showing the flexure stress and strain was printed. Figures were calculated and compared with the theoretical calculations based on the reference book by Callister. The results showed that using a carbon fiber and epoxy yields the best ultimate tensile strength (86 MPa) and modulus (1.9 GPa) while being the cheapest, only costing $0.92 per dog bone sample. Some useful recommendations for future experiments would include different fiber geometries/arrangements. Placing the fiber at the bottom of the dog bone sample would definitely change the three-point bend test results.
Reference
Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction 8th Edition, (John Wiley and Sons, New York), Chapter 14, 15, & 16.
Materials Engineering Department, “Chapter 9: Composites”. Introduction to Materials Laboratory Manual. San Jose State University.
Dental materials are used for a variety of reasons. The basic reason for using dental materials is to restore the tooth back to its original anatomy. Some materials are used more than others but it depends on their characteristics. Composite resin is a type of dental material. Some dental materials do not have the esthetic characteristic that composite resin has. That is why sometimes, it is more favorable than other dental materials. It is one of the most common dental materials that are used to restore a tooth back to its natural appearance.
Iqbal, M. K. (2013, March 27). NED University of Engineering and Technology. Retrieved from Department of Metallurgy Engineering: http://www.neduet.edu.pk/myd/TE/MY%20302.pdf
Composite materials have become extremely useful and since been adapted for aviation. They have been in development ever since the use of aluminum in the early 1920’s. Composites are components that are mixtures of two or more inorganic or organic compounds. One material acts as a matrix, which is the compound that keeps everything together, while the other material provides a reinforcement, in the form of fibers embedded in the matrix.
ABSTRACT: This article is a portion of a comprehensive study on carbon fibre reinforced plastics. The thermal behaviour and dynamic and tensile mechanical properties of polypropylene carbon fibres composites are discussed. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic is similar to fibre glass which is woven into a textile material and resin such as epoxy resin is applied and allowed to cure. The resulting material is very strong and has the best strength to weight ratio of all construction materials. It is an improvement on glass fibre-reinforced plastic, although much more expensive. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers tend to be used in the manufacture of expensive sports cars, where strong and light materials are required. Expensive, competition bicycles
The role of fibers in concrete is to bridge across the cracks that develop some post cracking ductility and to increase it toughness and types of loading. The uses of reinforced concrete help to increase the strength and ductility but it req...
There are various materials which can be used on aircrafts. Composite and alloy materials are the primary component used due to the ability to combine certain materials with different strengths together to create a composite or alloy. These have ultimate properties that are needed to create an aircraft to be used safely in application. Composites are used due to the extreme high strength to weight ratio, although using large amounts of metals can be strong, unlike composites this would be too heavy. Composites essentially are designed to create a lighter aircraft, which over a long period of time, would be more cost effective for company running the plane, due to fuel savings.
Rheological behavior helps to elucidate the fundamental flow behavior of composite melts, and can directly or indirectly reflect the processing performance, internal structure, and physical and mechanical performance of WPCs. For the economical consideration, researchers are attempted to incorporate high amount of wood flour. So, a clear insight of the rheological behavior is necessary in such high wood content to facilities the processing. In addition, additives are frequently used to modify processing or end properties of WPC formulations and proper rheological tests may prove useful in characterizing the efficiency of these additives [13].
In practice, most composites consist of a bulk material (the ‘matrix’), and a reinforcement of some kind, added primarily to increase the strength and stiffness of the matrix. This reinforcement is usually in fibre form. In addition, the manufacturing process used to combinefibre with resin leads to varying amounts of imperfections and air inclusions. Typically,with a common hand lay-up process as widely used in the boat-building industry, alimit for Fibre Volume Fraction is approximately 30-40%. With the higher quality, more sophisticatedand precise processes used in the aerospace industry, Fibre Volume Fraction’s approaching 70% canbe successfully obtained.the geometry of the fibres in a composite is alsoimportant since fibres have theirhighest mechanical properties along their lengths, rather than across their widths.This leads to the highly anisotropic properties of composites, where, unlike metals,the mechanical properties of the composite are likely to be very different when testedin different directions. This means that it is very important when considering the use ofcomposites to understand at the design stage, both the magnitude and the directionof the applied
[11] "TEM Basics." MATTER - Materials Science & Engineering Educational Software. The University of Liverpool, 25 July 2000. Web. 10 July 2010. .
Denture teeth can be made of acrylic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or composite resins. PMMA is a polymer - a material made the from joining of methyl methacrylate monomers. Properties of PMMA include resistance to abrasion, chemical stability and a high boiling point. (Jun Shen et al. 2011). However, weak flexure and impact strength of PMMA are of concern as they account for denture failure. (Bolayir G, Boztug A and Soygun K. 2013). Composite denture teeth are made of a three distinct phases - filler, matrix and coupling agents. Out of the types of composite teeth available, nano-filled composite teeth are preferred. Composite teeth have a PMMA coating around the tooth and a high content of filler particles. This gives them strength, higher resistance to forces than acrylic teeth and provides compete polymerization due to the PMMA coating. (Anusavice, K. J., Phillips, R. W., Shen, C., & Rawls, H. R, 2012). If the interface between the PMMA denture base and PMMA or composite teeth was weak, the denture will not be able to sustain occlusal forces, making the base-teeth interface, an entity of significance.
To have a better understanding of ETP, we will discuss about outstanding properties of some well-known engineering thermoplastics materials which are polyamides 12 (PA12), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) in aerospace industry. Also, we will focus on major methods to enhance performance of engineering thermoplastics by modification via specialty additives.
There are considerable differences in published property data for Metal matrix composite. This is partly due to the fact that there are no industry standards for metal matrix composites, as there are for metals. Reinforcements and composites are typically made by proprietary processes, and, as a consequence, the properties of materials having the same nominal composition can be radically different. The issue is further clouded by the fact that many reinforcements and they are still in the developmental stage, and are continually being refined. Numerous test methods are used throughout the industry, and it is widely recognized that this is a major source of differences in reported properties. Some properties cannot be measured as they would be for monolithic metals. For instance, toughness is an important but hard to define material property. Standard fracture mechanics tests and analytical methods for metals are based on the assumption of self-similar crack extension; i.e., a crack will simply lengthen without changing shape. Composites, however, are non-homogeneous materials with complex internal damage patterns. As a result, the applicability of conventional fracture mechanics to metal matrix composite is controversial, especially for fibre-reinforced ma...
Mandak, Kristeen. AnswerBag.com. Indian Institute of Materials Management, 30 Mar. 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2011. .
A study of the nature of bonding forces in laminates [34] indicates that upon initial loading there is a tendency for the adhesive bond between them to account for the high strength properties of the of the laminates.
The traditional material for aircrafts is aluminium while composite material content has always been less than 20% until the recent years. The latest aircraft models by Airbus and Boeing have composites content of 50% or more. (Mauricuien, n.d.) It has brought about many benefits to the industry but also causes difficulties in maintenance and safety issues. The drive of the material evolution is due the economic factors and higher expectation of society as technology advances. The report includes how the advantages of the composite material make it attractive by helping to solve the issues faced by the industry.