Evolution
Most botanists believe that the Pteridophytes also known as ferns are descendants of the Rhyniopsida, an extinct group of free-sporing plants which originated in the Silurian period (about 430 million years ago) and went extinct in the mid-Devonian period (about 370 million years ago).
Physiology
Ferns has no flowers, no seeds, and no fruits. A fern is defined as a cryptogam which means a plant that has no true flowers or seeds. With sporangia, a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed evolving from the leaf.
Physical characteristics
A fern plant generally consists of one or more fronds attached to a rhizome, which is a continuously growing horizontal underground stem. A frond is simply the leaf of the fern. The sizes of ferns and their fronds vary considerably among the different species.
The fern frond develops from a leaf bud referred to as a crozier. The crozier is coiled up in most species, with the frond apex at the middle of the coil. The reproductive cells of ferns are microscopic spores which are often clustered together in the brown spots visible on the fronds ' undersides.
Habitat and distribution
The majority
There are two distinct stages in the life cycle of ferns.Once the fertilization occurs, the adult fern will begin growing.The second stage in the life cycle of a fern is the adult stage. If direct sunlight falls onto the young fronds for an extended period of time, the plant may die easily. When the veins are matured, moisture from the ground will be transported easily to the outermost leaves and the plant can withstand periods of direct sunlight. After the plant is large and mature, it will grow spores on the undersides of its leaves and the life cycle of a fern will begin
This plant grows in numerous kind of wetlands.The water knotweed creates a thick stalk from it rhizome. The stalks grown to about 3 meters long. The complete head of a plant is a thick cluster of pink flowers.
A Norton Critical Edition, Second Edition ; ed. by Philip Appleman; copyright 1979, 1970 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Philip G. Fothergill, Historical Aspects of Organic Evolution, pub. 1953 by the Philosophical Library Inc., 15 East 40th Street, New York, NY.
Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson, a famous retired WWE actor, once said, “Success isn’t always about greatness. It’s about consistency. Consistent hard work leads to success. Greatness will come. “ In other words, success has nothing to do with hard work. You may succeed from that hard work, but without it, there will be no greatness. In the book Where the Red Fern Grows, by Wilson Rawls, the theme of hard work and consistency can be inferred though Billy’s actions.
Tell student today we will be starting to read a new novel, Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls.
[IMAGE]Carbon dioxide + water Light Energy glucose + oxygen Chlorophyll [IMAGE]6CO2 + 6H20 Light Energy C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 Chlorophyll Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of the plant in the palisade layer. Chlorophyll in the cells in the palisade layer absorb light for photosynthesis. The plant releases the oxygen created in photosynthesis back into the air but it uses or stores the glucose for energy, respiration, growth and repair. The leaves and plants are also specially adapted for photosynthesis in their structure and cell alignment. Preliminary Experiment Apparatus * Piece of Elodea Canadensis * Bulb * Voltmeter * Test tube * Beaker * Box *
Then the carbon dioxide is escorted into specials bundle- sheath cells, where rubisco can bind to it, thus initiating the Calvin cycle” (Krogh, 2011, p. 152). This process of photosynthesis uses four carbon molecules. This mode of photosynthesis is less likely to experience photorespiration. Photosynthesis will take place in specials cells during this process. The stomata can remain closed for long periods which will not have an effect on the plant, because it is able to trap oxygen.
Ginkgoaceae is dated back to the Paleozoic era. That is over 200 million years ago. The highest diversity of gymnosperms took place during the Cretaceous. The ginkgo was at one point found in numerous places in the world. Fossil records show a decline in the trees around the Tertiary. This is thought to be because of the extinction of dinosaurs, which were the main distributors of the seeds. The first mention in Chinese herbal medicine was during the Ming dynasty in 1436. Ginkgo is recorded as being introduced to the U.S. in 1784. It is considered to be the sole living link between the ferns and conifers. However two species, Ginkgoites and Baiera, of the genera ginkgo are extinct. Ginkgo biloba is the only living species. Although, one of the species thought extinct was found in Vantage, Washington near the Columbia River Gorge. The ginkgo beckii, after George Beck, lives in the Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park.
Hypothesis: To observe cells located in an onion root tip and identify which stage of cell division the cells are in.
own roots (not just the plant kind), this meant they needed a structure that was different than
In the lab exercise regarding plant structure and function, we examined slides containing the different kinds of roots (monocot, dicot). We labeled the parts and pointed out the different roles of each in the plant structure. Also, we examined monocot stems and dicot stems in order to familiarize ourselves with its external and internal structures. We sketched and labeled the parts of the stem and looked closely at the positions of each part. In the last part of the lab, we classified leaves into different kinds according to their leaf venation, bases of leaves, and apices of leaves. As an additional exercise, we sketched 20 animals and classified them according to phylum and class. We were also able to discover the scientific and common names of the animals. Overall, the exercises we did enabled us to familiarize ourselves with plant structure thus, gaining a better understanding for plant life and its importance.
photosynthesis. From there it would not have been long for all the dinosaurs to have been
Asexual propagation is the process through which reproduction without passage through the seed cycle occurs. The advantages of asexual propagation are that it preserves genetic makeup, propagates seedless plants, disease control, rapid production, the plants are identical, cheaper, faster and easier reducing or avoiding juvenility. The disadvantages of asexual propagation are that it increases disease and insect susceptibility, plants are bulky, and the mother plants could become contaminated. The goal of this experiment was to determine the development of adventitious roots and shoots, and observe these plants over a period of five weeks. Due to auxin being produced in the tip, tip cuttings should root faster than any other cuttings. Auxin is a plant hormone that is responsible for cell elongation and enlargement, root formation, and growth. There are two forms of auxins; phototropism, which is produced in the tip and moves downward on the side away from the light and gravitropism, which is where plant roots grow downward and plant shoots grow upward.(Plant Auxin 201...
The definition of a genetically modified organism requires the breakdown of the phrase to accurately depict its meaning. Genetic means anything relating to or involving genes; genes are found in the DNA of cells and controls a living system appearance, traits, and other qualities. Modified means to change a part, not all. An organism is an individual living thing, a system with many parts that depend on each other and work together. A genetically modified organism is, therefore, the alteration of the genes of a naturally occurring organism. These changes occur in labs and take years of research. Before a plant is modified you have to decide what you want to have changed, do you want to enhance, add, decrease or eliminate a feature? Knowing the order of gene
Transformation means direct uptake, incorporation and expression of foreign genetic material from its surrounding (S.Cohen et al.,1980)
Home gardens offer a wide variety of benefits to the environment and serve a diverse group of people. Home gardening provides a source of fresh produce and free of chemicals, it also gives you complete control over the chemicals and products used during the growing process. A home garden allows you to pick the produce when its ripe, unlike produce at the store is often picked before its fully ripe. The quality and flavor of the freshly picked produce from home is better than the produce that might have unknown chemicals and was likely picked several days or weeks before being sold. The produce retains more nutrients when consumed shortly after being picked, making your home garden vegetables a healthier option. A garden also provides a positive environmental impact. The compost allows you to recycle certain kitchen and yard waste into a nutrient-rich additive for the garden. This provides natural fertilizer for you plants and reduces the wastes you produce. If you choose to avoid or limit chemical use, you reduce pollution from your gardening activities. Besides being good for the environment gardens have environmental gains for us. Gardening help control urban temperatures, If the environmental landscape design is effective it can cool your home in summer and warm it in winter, it can also reduce the energy cost by up to 20%. Gardening, and all the physical activity that goes along with it, leads to a better overall physical health, weight loss, improve you bones, and reduces the risk of having osteoporosis. “In a study of 3,310 older women, researchers from the University of Arkansas found that women involved in yard work and other types of gardening exercises had lower rates of osteoporosis than joggers, swimmers, and women wh...