hree theorize which are feminist theory, the strategies rape theory and the culture pathology theory. These scholars have contested that there is no single satisfactory theory that can describe causality of the violence (Gottschall, 2004). The thesis will use the above theories to show their similarities of in regard to conflict rather than imposing them as the center of analysis of GBV in the DRC.
Most feminist scholars has envisage that patriarchy nature tend to dominates women hence create unequal gender relation. Building on the work Brown miller in her book Against Our Will she urged that violence against women are due to patriarchy dominance of men, not because sexual desire but rather because the want to exert power and control of the woman. Jonathan Gottschall (2004) patriarchy led men to hate and distrust their women in the issues of structure constraints. Other scholars arguments are basing on the unequal gender relations as the causality of the wide spread and systematics SGBV (Cohen and Nordis, 2014). They conceptualize the GBV as a product the individual or group of perpetrators choices particulars the behavior and social cohesion of soldiers in the existing conflict (Cohen, 2013, Wood 2006).
More emphasis on this subject was given
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In the recent times, rape has become a new global mantra. What are the implication of this narrative to the DRC society? The increased recognition has led to the combatants to use rape as “effective bargaining tool” (Autuserre 2012, p.16). Far, (2009) contended that, there is a scale of differences in the prevalence of violence in particular to rape sites perpetrators and victim’s targets. In this context, the rape in conflict zone holds a strong notion as to achieve “strategic goals”. Most of the combatant rape as to please their superior or fear of being punished or called women
Sharlach, Lisa. “Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda.” New Political Science. 22:1 (2000): 89-102. Google Scholar. Web. 28 April 2014.
Hunnicutt illustrated that the concept of patriarchy is a useful tool in the theory of feminism. She also made use the concept of patriarchy to show how it can be employed to explain violence against women in society. Hunnicutt’s article presents an alternative way to understand violence against women by employing patriarchy as a core theoretical concept. Hunnicutt believed that in the society, women are typically oppressed and men also have been historically dominant over them, and most times it results to violence against these women. Hunnicutt stated that the theories of violence against women mostly focus on male power but via situating that power within a patriarchal order. This article is important to the topic of feminism because for its theoretical background to help ground my
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, or as it has been called by the U.N as “the rape capital of the world” has been having problems since almost 1994. The armed group, M23, has committed dozens of war crimes including rape, citizen executions, and forced recruitment of children. Women, and girls have been left with burned flesh, broken bones, and even missing limbs. Even some perpetrators have even shot and stabbed these women in the vagina with shards of glass, rifles, and other objects. The violence in the DRC is unspeakable, many of the survivors have received devastating damage to their reproductive organs. Men have been held at gun point and forced to rape their own wives, mothers, sisters, and even their daughters. Throughout the entire ordeal, the government of the DRC has let many of the perpetrators of these war crimes cross over to neighboring countries, who act as a sanctuary. In turn these people have not been charged for these crimes. The Congolese army and government have been much to blame for the violence and atrocities happening in the country. Back when they made the M23 treaty, they needed to follow through with their promises to the integrated soldiers. The weaknesses in their government ruin attempts to prevent atrocities and protect civilians. With these problems affecting the population every day, they need to start getting help from other countries in order to fix its state and help its people. The Congolese army and government have been much to blame for the violence and atrocities happening in the country because they needed follow through with their promises to the integrated soldiers, the weakness in their government ruin attempts to prevent atrocities and protect civilians, and they need to stop lett...
Subordination of women to men is prevalent in large parts of the world. We come across experiences where women are not only treated like less than but are also subject to discriminations, humiliations, exploitations, oppressions, control and violence. Patriarchy literally means rule of the father in a male-dominated family. It is a social and ideological construct which considers men superior to women. Patriarchy is based on a system of power relations which are unequal where men control women’s production, reproduction and sexuality. It imposes masculinity and femininity character stereotypes in society which strengthen the bas power relations between men and women. Patriarchy within a particular class also differs in terms of religious and regional variations. This control has developed historically and is institutionalized and legitimized by several ideologies, social practices, and institutions including, family, religion, education, media, society and more.
It was the research of Dobash and Dobash, a husband and wife team from Wales, that first posited that “intimate partner violence is the result of male oppression of women within a patriarchal system in which men are the primary perpetrators and women the primary victims” (McPhail, B. A., Busch, N. B., Kulkarni, S., & Rice, G., 2007). According to Lawson (2012), feminist theories treat the problem of intimate partner violence as fundamentally related to the patriarchal domination of men over women. Historically, patriarchy was the dominant social structure from early Greek and Roman civilizations where women were considered to be the property of their father, if unmarried, and their husband if married. As such, women were often beaten, burned, and killed for not being obedient to a man’s
Pre-existing gender relations become accentuated as the use of sexual violence reaffirms the patriarchal hierarchies between men and women. The strategic purpose of rape exhibits the militaristic masculinity of the perpetrator and subsequently feminizes the victim by physically controlling their body. Additionally, women's roles as central to constructing national borders and preserving or denying identities exposes the fact that the more patriarchal a system is, the more so is its vulnerability to an enemy attack exploiting such gendered roles.
Rape as a weapon is not just a way to spur troops but also has a political objection, it is this objective and feminist international relation works makes the experience of war rape more visible in the international political sphere (Farwell, 2004, p.395). Ethnic cleansing can be defined as the intent to make an area ethnically homogeneous by eliminating member of the other ethnic group through systematic use of killings, violence, sexual violence, rape, intimidation, forced deportation (Biken and Bagge Laustsen, 2005, p.113). Therefore Rape in the context of a campaign of ethnic cleansing is done so to bring about the end of the
The Akers’ social learning theory argues that men who perpetrate violence against their female partners do so because they have learned the behaviour from the environment. They have learned it through exposure to it through witnessing or directly experiencing violence as children, and they have therefore learnt that violence is appropriate whenever conflict arises, their peers and family members approve of the violence and they are of the view that the benefits of the violence far outweigh the costs (Zavala, Melander, & Kurtz, 2015). The object relations theory argues that the violence is mainly due to intrapsychic challenges stemming from a pathological relations with a primary caregiver as an infant (Zosky, 1999). The feminist theory on the other hand, argues that a patriarchal society which privileges men and subjugates women contributes to violence as men use their power to exert their control over women (McPhain, Busch, Kulkarni, & Rice, 2007).
...ing experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. Several forms of violence against women tend to go unreported, the victims fearing to go against their set cultural norms which “offer social standards of appropriate and inappropriate behavior.” (Changing). Domestic partner abuse leads in causes of violence against women, and in countries such as India, Nigeria, Ghana, and China, men have the right to “assert power” over women and punish them when their behavior deviates (Changing) (“Violence”). In fact, in South Africa, while violence is considered an okay way to deal with someone in an intimate relationship, the actual practice of harming one another is considered taboo (Changing). Altogether, the combination of these types of traditional and cultural acceptance of violence against women in these many assorted countries shows why it is a global issue.
This paper examines Patriarchal Terrorism, a form of domestic violence against women. In the United States has being more prevalent among different races, social level, marital status, and educational level. The current increase of domestic violence rates globally have led researchers to study the importance of the rates in the United States for better methods of policy implementation. The theory that explains the causes of domestic violence is the Conflict Theory developed by Karl Marx. Conflict Theory explains how domestic violence emerged due to the result of gender inequality in patriarchal societies. In this societies, men were superior to women in the ability to obtain education, employment, financial income, creating law, and vote. As
Feminist sociology focuses on examining and understanding gender in its relation to power within society as well as individuals. The fundamental principle of feminist sociology is the idea that in most societies, women have been oppressed and that men have been more dominant throughout history. Feminist theory directly relates to feminist sociology. According to the Introduction to Sociology 2e textbook, “feminist theory is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities” (Openstax 261). This paper aims to analyze feminist theory, discuss its history, as well as emphasizing a current social
Rape and rape culture have been a longstanding issue in American society. Looking at modern influences such as the media, our nation’s history, and the way our Consider the following: How has rape culture evolved through our history? What role does the media play in rape culture? And most importantly, how has rape become institutionalized in American society?
Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, Jeff Hearn, and Christine Toft. Violence and Gender Relations Theories and Interntions. London: Sage Publications, 1996. 12-13. Print.
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines gender-based violence (GBV) as, “Any act…that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.” It is also broadly defined as any harm to a person due to the power disparities caused by gender inequality. Gender based violence includes childhood sexual abuse, “prenatal sex selection in favor of boys, female infanticide, dowry deaths, honors killings ,female genital mutilation, trafficking and forced prostitution, forced early marriage, sexual assault and intimate partner violence”
Violence against women appeared from a long time ago and happened in every country. It caused pain in both mental and physical for women. There were so many people trying to stop this problem but it was still not completely fixed. There are many reasons that lead to this issue all over the world. After many surveys and investigations, we realized that the main reason is Discrimination and Unequal power. Some legends and stories in the past made people think men’s role is more important than women’s role in society. And because men are stronger, more active than women so they can do more work. This also makes people think men deserve more rights than women. They soon forced on human’s mind that men are also...