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Literature review on Polio
essay on the history of polio
controversy over genetically modified food
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Recommended: Literature review on Polio
Fear Of The Unknown
GMO Products
Parents and children today may have no memory of the dreaded disease called polio, which struck both young and old by the score from the 1930s to the 1950s. School children and parents were as frightened of polio as they were of nuclear bomb attacks on the United States.
When the polio vaccine was finally discovered, people all over America were inoculated. Still, there were scores of people who did not trust doctors, did not like the use of needles – and some who even feared that the vaccine would give their child polio. Anti-vaccine propaganda and rumors were spread to the public. Some of the unvaccinated number continued to contract the crippling and deadly disease. But occurrence of polio is almost, or totally, nonexistent in the United States today, thanks to the success of this cure -- and the backing of the U.S. Government.
The point of this bit of history is to show the side of human nature that fears the unknown. Take GMO, Genetically Modified Organisms, for example. Fear of commodities such as soybeans, wheat and corn grown from GMO seed, has sent shockwaves through Europe and brought increasing concern right to our front door, the place where the miraculous seed was developed.
Current public concern is the result of a wide-ranging, well-financed propaganda campaign of negatives – negatives intended to strike fear in the hearts of countless consumers "over there" and now, over here. Government agricultural agencies of var...
In this poem, it is simply asking what would happen to our dreams if they were pushed to the side. Throughout the poem, it gives possible vivid solutions that we can picture. With such solutions being, “Dry up like a raisin in the sun”, “Does it stink like rotten meat?”, or even “Does it explode”. This imagery allows for the reader to gain a better perception of what their personal dreams have amounted or are currently amounting to. While readers can connect on a personal level, they can also sense the self-expression put into the poem. As Hughes wrote about the raisins it really makes you think because raisins originally start off as grapes which then lose their juice and become raisins. Well when Hughes wrote “Dry up like a raisin in the sun” it’s saying that it is even drying up more than it already is which means his dream is that much more difficult to obtain. It’s that much more difficult to obtain due to the color of his skin. This goes back to the Harlem Renaissance movement and inequality throughout America.
Peter Singer states a strong opinion about how affluent people are morally obligated to give some of their time and money towards the less fortunate. He argues how certain countries
Paralytic poliomyelitis, "polio", held a reign of terror over this nation for decades. But unless you were born before 1955, polio may seem to be just another ephemeral disease that has been nonexistent for years. Those born before 1955 remember having a great fear of this horrible disease which crippled thousands of once active, healthy children. This disease had no cure and no identified causes, which made it all the more terrifying. People did everything that they had done in the past to prevent the spread of disease, such as quarantining areas, but these tactics never seemed to work. Polio could not be contained. Many people did not have the money to care for a family member with polio. This was one of the reasons the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis was organized. The March of Dimes, the fund raiser headed by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, raised thousands and thousands of dollars to help people care for their polio stricken family members and to aid in the cost of research for a vaccine that would put an end to this misery that affected the lives of so many people.
Researchers were unable to identify what caused Polio to spread. It seemed to be more common in cleaner environments, unlike other diseases. Polio was found more often in the middle class rather than the poor. One reason that the polio virus was so difficult to discover, was because it wasn’t a bacteria and because most microscopes couldn’t detect the microbial agent. Another problem that created difficulties for scientists, was that the researchers couldn’t discover how the virus got
Langston Hughes was one of the most influential poets during the Harlem Renaissance. With the use of blues and Jazz Hughes managed to convey a range of different themes all revolving around the Negro. “[Langston Hughes] The first poet to transform the idioms of blues and jazz into poetic verse” (Johnson and Farrell 55). This use of blues in written work was called the blues aesthetics. Hughes’s “Bound No’th Blues” is a perfect example of the Blues Aesthetics. “The blues reflects the trials and tribulations of the Negro in America on a secular level” (Waldron 140). “Bound No’th Blues” reflects the journey of a southern African American who m...
Fifty-nine years after the vaccine was introduced to the world, the number of cases of outbreaks has dropped 99% and only three countries still remain in an epidemic state with the virus, Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 1994, the WHO Region of the Americas was certified polio-free and in in 2013 only406 reported cases were existent in the world, compared to the 350 000+ cases in 1988. (Who, 2014).
Literature has always been arguably the most potent avenue for African Americans, and indeed all creatures who bear the burden of humanity, to relate the lunacy and unfairness of prejudice as well as demonstrate its devastating effects. Although slave narratives may perhaps be the first example of this kind of literature’s American variant to come to one’s mind, literature of the mid-nineteenth century was no less of a cogent tool for portraying the injustice faced by blacks in a manner meant to elicit indignation and spur social change. One such piece of so-called protest literature is the short story “Sonny’s Blues”, published in 1957. Penned by essayist, novelist, and former child evangelist James Baldwin, this story is about the relationship
Poliomyelitis, also known as Polio, is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. Most victims to this disease are younger than five years of age; they are more likely to get this disease than any other age group. Out of two hundred people infected with the polio disease one is most likely to result in paralysis. The Polio Virus has decreased greatly since the Polio Vaccine was developed. In 2010 a WHO (World Health Organization) pole reported only 1,352 cases worldwide. Since the Polio Vaccine was developed the U.S has not has a single Polio case since 1979.
Beowulf, written between the 8th and 10th centuries, is an epic poem set in southern Sweden. The poem illustrates the Anglo-Saxon’s strong belief in the heroic code. The loyalty between the warrior and his king bound the culture together. The warrior was the ultimate hero who represented strength and courage. Beowulf, the hero in the poem, illustrates the Germanic principles of the heroic code. Through the battles and character interactions, Beowulf converges loyalty, strength, courage and forgiveness into the hero archetype.
Both poems address the fundamental theme of having a dream. This is the ever-occurring dream that is explored during the Harlem renaissance period; the dream of justice that is deferred. However, even in having the same theme, it is explored and is envisioned by the poets in different ways. In “A Dream Deferred”, Hughes describes the negative potentials of a dream that is delayed, warning that this may be dangerous. For example, he describes how ‘[it may] fester like a sore and then run’ which shows that if this dream remains unfulfilled, it will get ‘infected’ and lead to a greater, more destructive problem (4-5). Also, the dream may ‘crust and sugar over, like a syrupy sweet’, which describes how if a dream is forced to sit idle, it will lose its original goal, and harden into destructive thoughts that are crusted over with doubt, anger and hatred. It is even brought to a greater extreme; where Hughes describes how this dream may simply ‘explode’ (11). This shows the catastrophe that may result from the impatience of African-Americans who really want to achieve this dream of justice. On the other hand, in “My Little ...
Beowulf is an epic poem that, above all, gives the reader an idea of a time long past; a time when the most important values were courage and integrity. The only factors that could bestow shower fame upon a person were heroic deeds and family lineage. Beowulf, as the paradigm of pagan heroes, exhibited his desire to amass fame and fortune; the only way to do so was to avenge the death of others. This theme of retribution that is ever present throughout the poem seems to color the identities of its characters.
To answer the initial question, the speaker poses six additional questions. The six questions that are asked also have indefinite answers, but the speaker uses imagery to suggest the impression of the dream deferred. These images are the raisins, festered sores, rotten meat, sweet syrup and explosion. Along with these objects being described with a state of decay, the dream is portrayed similarly. The words, such as "drying up," "fester," "stink," and "sags" summarize the sour and sad tone of the dream. These images and tones represent the speaker's viewpoint of the deferred dream and Harlem.
The poem begins by introducing the limitations of the African Americans’ hopes and dreams in the form of a question. Hughes asks, “What happens to a dream deferred” (1). Here, the dream refers to the African Americans’ yearning for equality and freedom, and Hughes wants to examine what happens when that dream is persistently pushed aside. The spacing directly after this line conjures a sense of silence as if allowing a moment to contemplate the question. The lines following this question explore several possible outcomes, and each answer represents the ruin of a forgotten dream.
“Harlem” by Langston Hughes is a poem that talks about what happens when we postpones our dreams. The poem is made up of a series of similes and it ends with a metaphor. The objective of the poem is to get us to think about what happens to a dream that is put off, postponed; what happens when we create our very own shelve of dreams? The “dream” refers to a goal in life, not the dreams we have while sleeping, but our deepest desires. There are many ways to understand this poem; it varies from person to person. Some may see this poem as talking about just dreams in general. Others may see it as African-American’s dreams.
In “The Rover”, Female identity and value are indivisible from female sexuality. There are only three roles a woman can take, and all of them are directly related to a women’s sexuality. Women are classified as either women of quality, or whores, and can either be wives, nuns or prostitutes. Because being a prostitute is not a respectable option, the women of quality in the play are valued far more. In fact many of the men in the play express disgust at the fact that a women would