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Explain the fatty acid synthesis reaction, noting the role of each domain of fatty acid synthase.
- the main premise of FAS is to attach two C acetate units from malnoyl CoA to a growing chain and then reduce it. The 4 steps include condensation of the growing chain with acetate, reduction of the carbonyl into a hydroxyl, dehydration of the alcohols to trans alkene, and the reduction of alkene to alkane.
13. What role does ACP and CoA play in fatty acid synthesis?
- ACP delivers acetate or malonate to the fatty acid synthase. It also chauffers the growing chain form one active site to another. CoA is a cofactor in a small percent of all enzymes.
14. Where does fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid breakdown (β-oxidation) each take place? How are the two pathways connected since they are in different locations?
- FAS takes place in the cytosol of adipocytes, hepatocytes, and mammary glands. The breakdown of fatty acids occurs In the mitochondria. 15. Explain how fatty acid synthesis is regulated.
- FAS is regulated by acetyl COA carboxylase which catalyzes the rate limits step. Feedbac is then inhibited by palmitoyl CoA and activated by citrate. ACC is also inhibited by glucagon and epinephrine and causes phosphorylation, which leads to to long inactive filaments. Malonyl Co-A inhibits fatty acid transport into mitochondria for
Thus, a normal ACADM gene will encode for a fully functioning medium-chain specific acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. In fatty acid β-oxidation, the MCAD enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the initial step of the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway for medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C12). The initial step is crucial to allow the progresssion of the β-oxidation pathway.
Answer each question, using complete sentences. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit.
The enzyme being tested in this lab is the pancreatic lipase enzyme. It is secreted by the pancreas. In the intestinal tract, it is found breaking down lipids, or dietary
Without this enzyme, cells would resort to producing lactic acid in order to obtain ATP, this would ultimately result in acidosis and death. The Citric Acid cycle would cease to function because there would be no ATP present in the mitochondria to support oxidative phosphorylation, which yields the most ATP by converting the NADH and FADH produced in the citric acid cycle to
Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalysed by multiple enzymes. Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an earlier step, is an
Answer in complete sentences and be sure to spell check. “Yes” or “No” answers alone will not receive any points. Choose 10 questions to answer from the 14 questions listed below. Use your textbook to answer the questions. Repeat the question and provide a 1-3 paragraph response.
The enzyme pancreas amylase causes the decomposition of starch. The starch during the chemical reaction broken down into disaccharides, lactase, sucrase, and maltase forms of pure sugar. Disaccharides are broken down to monosaccharides. Lactase changed into lactose, then into glucose and galactose sucrase changed sucrose into glucose and fructose these are all forms of sugars. These sugar may not all be utilized by the body. Maltase breaks down maltose 2 form molecules of glucose. Protein -stomach Pepcid and HCI break down proteins. These protein continue during the chemical reaction change to polypeptides. In the small intestines- Trypsin breaks down proteins and polypeptides to dipeptides. Then the dipeptides are changed into chymotrypsin decomposition of proteins and polypeptides to dipeptides. Carboxypeptidase breaks down polypeptides and dipeptides to amino acids. Aminopeptidase disintegrates of polypeptides & dipeptides to amino acids. Dipeptidase dissects of dipeptides to amino acids. Amino acids are more utilized by the digestive process; they are the building blocks of protein. Fats start the chemical digestive process in the mouth, this maybe because that many fats take longer to decompose. Lingual lipase has a minor role in beginning fat digestion. The stomach has an immense amount of chemical reaction going on at one time.
Our chicken sandwich has, by now, been broken down into digestible nutrients. The pancreatic juices have broken down the carbohydrates in the bread into monosaccharides (such as glucose and galactose) which leave the enterocyte by facilitated diffusion and enter the rich network of capillaries. They are transported in the blood stream and cross into the cytoplasm by Na+ cotransporters. Amino acids are moved to the circulation by facilitated diffusion. Lipids from the butter are broken down into fatty acids by lipases and are then absorbed across the cell membrane into the cytosol where they are reassembled into lipoprotein particles called chylomicrons. These are carried through lymphatic channels and into the circulation via the thoracic duct. The bloodstream carries simple sugars, glycerol, amino acids, and a number of salts and vitamins to the liver. The lymphatic system, a network of vessels that carry white blood cells and lymph fluid throughout the body, absorbs fatty acids and
Oxidation phosphorylation is when ATP is synthesized from ADP and phosphate. The enzyme that is catalyzed in the reaction is called the ATP synthase. The ATP synthase gives energy to the cell to synthesis ATP. As a result from the Electron Transport Chain a gradient is formed on the mitochondria. With this gradient the hydrogen ions are able to go across the membrane because of ATP synthase. From this process lipids are created, in which the energy for the monarch are stored. Lipids or fats are stored in cells throughout the body principle in special kinds of connective tissue called adipose tissue or depot fat. The butterflies live off their stored lipid. They gained this fat while they were caterpillars and during the fall migration. At the end of the overwintering season, there must be energy left for mating activities and the spring migration northward (Wildlife) We can see through these pathways that the Monarch butterfly is able to conserve enough energy to travel for months to one continent to the
The absorptive state is the time during and right after eating a meal. The absorptive state lasts for four hours, during and after each meal. During this state glucose is the most important energy fuel. Amino acids and fats are used to form degraded protein, and small amounts are used to provide ATP. Metabolites are transformed to fat if they are not used for anabolism. Glucose is formed by the conversion of fructose and galactose, which are stored in the liver from the entrance of monosaccharides. Glucose is released into the blood, or converted to glycogen and fat. Some glucose enters the liver and is used for energy, and any that is not used will be stored in skeletal muscle as glycogen or in adipose cells as fat. Liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose cells use triglycerides as their primary energy source. Amino acid are also used by the liver to synthesize plasma proteins. Essentially all of the events that occur in the absorptive state are directed by insulin.
1. Analyze the article that you were assigned. For this question only, you may use point form. (30)
When it comes to lipid breakdown, the majority of breakdown occurs in the small intestine, within the mucosal lining. When lipids enter the small intestine they are further broken down monoglycerides, fatty acids, and free cholesterol, which then
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up chemical reactions. Some enzymes associated with carbohydrate breakdown are sucrose, lactose, maltase, and amylase. They aid in turning carbohydrate into glucose. The body uses glucose for energy, especially within the cells. Lipids or fats must be emulsified by bile found in the liver, and will be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, and the body is able to absorb them. The enzyme associated with lipid breakdown is lipase. Protein that is ingested use the enzymes proteases and peptidases to help break up the protein and make amino acids in the
In the interest of clarity, I will begin with a brief outline of some key concepts, and their relevance.
Assistance/clarification will be given as needed. Modifications would include providing alternate assignments that utilize lower level vocabulary and are at lower reading comprehension levels.