ABSTRACT With the ongoing expansion and growth of the electric utility industry, electricity has become a highly engineered product; it is increasingly being considered and handled as a commodity. In the evolving utility environment, financial and market forces are, and will continue to, demand a more optimal and profitable operation of the power system with respect to generation, transmission and distribution. Power electronics based equipment, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), provide proven technical solutions to address these new operating challenges being presented today. The potential benefits of the FACTS equipment are now widely recognized by the power systems engineering and T&D communities. This paper focuses on the summary of issues and benefits of applying FACTS controllers to AC power systems. The overall process for the system studies and the analysis associated with the FACTS installation projects and the need for FACTS controller models is also discussed. Finally an introduction to the basic circuits of several FACTS controllers is provided with a focus on their systems performance characteristics. INTRODUCTION FACTS technologies allow for improved transmission system operation with minimal infrastructure investment, environmental impact, and implementation time compared to the construction of new transmission lines. FACTS technologies provide advanced solutions as cost-effective alternatives to new transmission line construction. With respect to FACTS equipment, voltage sourced converter (VSC) technology, which utilizes self-commutated thyristors/transistors such as GTOs, GCTs, IGCTs, and IGBTs, has been successfully applied in a number of installations world-wide for Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM), Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC), Convertible Series Compensators(CSC), back-to-back dc ties (VSC-BTB) and VSC transmission. These aforementioned transmission system installations are in addition to the earlier generation of power electronics systems that utilize line-commutated thyristor technology for Static Var Compensators (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC). Although power electronic based equipment is prevalent in each of the three areas, Generation, Transmission, Distribution the focus of this paper is on transmission The limitations of the transmission system can take many forms and may involve power transfer between areas (referred to here as transmission bottlenecks) or within a single area or region (referred to here as a regional constraint) and may include one or more of the following characteristics: Steady-State Power Transfer Limit
In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley illustrates ways in which government and advanced science control society. Through actual visualization of this Utopian society, the reader is able to see how this state affects Huxley’s characters. Throughout the book, the author deals with many different aspects of control. Whether it is of his subjects’ feelings and emotions or of the society’s restraint of population growth, Huxley depicts government’s and science’s role in the brave new world of tomorrow.
A fundamental theme of the Brave New World is to achieve perfection through deceitful control. Technology, conditioning/predestining, and manufactured happiness are tools of control to achieve what the leaders believed to be perfect. The Director proves my point in describing the Fertilization Process, “the operation undergone voluntarily for the good of Society…” (5). Perfection in their minds is manageable conformity without opposition. Ford’s control over the society is especially insidious because the people don’t know they’re being controlled so they’re not going to fight. It’s become normalized. The actions of the leaders and Ford propose a question, “Will this end in overall perfection in our society?” The almighty Ford decided to turn a world just like ours into one he views as a utopia. Since Ford’s methods are meant to be deceptive and efficient, they are often torturous. Even before the babies were hatched, technology was already being used to control for a better future.
For African Americans, gaining freedom has been a hard struggle. Through the Civil Rights Movement that continued well into the 1970s, African Americans fought to gain rights that would allow them the most basic privileges. Though not enslaved anymore, African Americans quickly learned that freedom was not as easy or what they thought it would be. “Freedom” was a white man’s life that included equality within all aspects of life and no discrimination. After returning from war, African American men began to want more equal rights and opportunities, they expected justice form the country that they had fought for. This included the right to vote, citizenship, and desegregation. For every black man and woman, no opportunity was simply given. If they were accepted, it was with criticism and discrimination. With the new freedom that disco music gave black artists, they began to have more options within society. With Disco, black men were given the opportunity to become more than the stereotype. They brought forth a new sophistication, masculinity and sexuality that allowed black “soul music” to create a stake for itself in popular culture and the music industry. “Disco provided a partial map of black America’s shifting relationship to masculinity, upward mobility, and politics in the post-civil rights era.” Their music, though many times seen as a form of conformity and a rip-off of pop music, gave them a presence. It allowed them to “move beyond stultifying racial categorizations that confined them.” No longer were they confined to the accepted stereotype of a male; they started be seen as smooth, lovable, and sexual, everything women wanted and began to respond to. While their music gave men new freedom, many people criticized thei...
The module AC/DC is directly related to the career path of the electrical linemen. In the module i learned about two types of electrical current, alternating (AC), and direct current (DC). In direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only flows in one direction. Electric charge in alternating current (AC), on the other hand, changes direction periodically. The voltage in (AC) circuits also periodically reverses because the current changes direction. Electrical lineman work on power lines and other thing that have (AC) or (DC) current depending on what they are working on. Lineman work on electrically energized (live) and de-energized (dead) power line. They may perform a number of tasks associated with power lines, including installation or replacement of distribution equipment such as capacitor banks, distribution transformers on poles, insulators and fuses.
Reflecting on Travis Hirschi's Control Theory--How would you apply it to the students (or other population) The way that I can apply the Travis Hirschi's Control Theory to the students at APCH is by conforming with the students at APCH to social norms which depends on a strong bond between the staff at APCH and the students surrounding community to live in today's ride or die society. By applying the Travis Hirschi's Control Theory we have to use the four dimensions to incorporate the success of the Theory. Hirschi's concern was "why don't more people become delinquent?" Hirschi's concern of why do not more people become delinquent, will be met by applying this concern to APCH it will demonstrate the success of the program and it's well being to the surrounding community that few will be delinquents and more will become successful in the near future.
It also requires a protection system in which the sources are interfaced using power electronics, so it definitely needs unique protective solutions to provide functionality. [CERTS03]
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
We need transformers in power system because of several reasons one most important reason is that electricity is generated at low voltages and in receiving end we also need low voltages but due to the high cost of transmitting low voltages and high currents we use step up transformers to step up the low voltage into high voltages and low currents which will also reduced the I2R losses during transmission of electricity and at receiving side this high voltage is step down to low voltage by using step down transformer.
For the prevantion of the electricity blackout we need to build smart power grid. A modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers is known as a smart grid. This is used to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity in an automated fashion[12]. The important aspects of smart grid is to electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of
...7] J. D. Molina, J. Contreras, H. Rudnick, “A Principal-Agent Approach to Transmission Expansion—Part I: Regulatory Framework,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions Vol. 28, pp 256- 263, 2013.
In this paper, I will talk about how AC circuits can be described by considering voltage and current using complex numbers. An AC circuit requires two separate numbers to be able to completely describe it. This is because it takes into account the amplitude and the phase of the current. The fact that complex numbers can be easily added, subtracted, multiplied or divided with each other makes them ideal for this operation where both amplitude and phase have to work together.
Advent of devices with better switching capabilities has enriched the field of power electronics. This enables the development of converter circuits with improved and high performance[6]. The AC-DC
Chapter 2 2.1 Frequency Converter From the electric energy conversion point of view we distinguish four basic converter types (Pavelka and eovsk, 2002). Rectifiers convert an input AC voltage and current to an output DC voltage and current, choppers convert an input DC voltage and current to an output DC voltage and current of different values, inverters convert an input DC voltage and current to an output AC voltage, current, frequency and count of phases, AC converters convert an input voltage, current, count of phases and frequency to an AC energy with different parameters. The frequency converters that convert an input frequency to an output frequency and that simultaneously maintain the count of phases create a subgroup of AC converters and they are the most widely used converters in the field of electrical drives. Nevertheless, it is good to keep in mind that each power electronic converter is composed of power electronic devices that are connected to a particular electric scheme and that are controlled by a particular control strategy. 2.1.1 Direct Frequency Converter The direct frequency converter can convert the input AC quantities directly to AC output quantities.
...has a research PSERC program which will provide an excellent environment for research. The research carried out by Dr. Keith E. Holbert in Power Zone aligns with my long term goals; I would also like to work with Dr. Daniel Tylavsky, whose expertise includes Power system simulation and Gerald Thomas Heydt who has research expertise in electrical power quality. Advanced courses offered such as Computer Solution of Power System and Advance Topics in Power Systems would deepen my understanding of the subject.
Life changed immensely in the 20th century as air conditioning and refrigeration systems became more efficient and controllable. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration play important roles in providing human comfort, food processing, storage, and many other industrial processes. We chose this topic because our life would be difficult without AC and Refrigeration. This paper will talk about the history of air conditioning and refrigeration, the role of engineers in designing and building it, people’s life before and after air conditioning and refrigeration, and finally Applications in the area of achievements and future developments.