INTRODUCTION
The word ‘Tourism’ has been derived from the combination of Latin & Greek words ‘tornare’& ‘tornos’ respectively, which means circle. Using the modern English suffix - ‘ism’ (meaning an action or a process), the literal meaning of the word tourism became the action of movement in a circle.
The actual meaning of tourism leads to travelling for the purpose of leisure or pleasure and also practising touring. Tourism also involves the business of attracting, accommodating and entertaining tourists. Tourism can be within or beyond an individual’s country.
Another meaning of tourism can be derived as traveling to or staying in places outside an individual’s local environment for not more than a consecutive year for the purpose of leisure,
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It also promotes the social aspect through generation of employment (small scale and large scale), distribution of income, eliminating poverty.
It also internally creates a bond between the communities, civic involvement and pride, better services and facilities, enhancing the culture and traditions.
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS
The technological factors have played a very vital role in modern tourism. Travelling to another country is just minutes away now, unlike the olden days which took days and sometimes months. Technology and internet are the most important elements for modernisation. A 24/7 connection has been created with different parts of the world. The accessibility of tickets, flights, hotels can be done with just a click of a button now.
2. The technological developments in the tourism industry have mainly developed the transport technology like jet trains, charted plains, choppers, improved and advanced railway systems, automated vehicles. The smart technology usage has also made travel less expensive and affordable.
The changing socio – economic factors include
• Changes in car
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One major advantage of tourism is the fact that developing travel industry can stimulate the popular tourist areas' consumption ability and economy. “According to the OVTA, there are 12 million visitors who travel to Ottawa and consume 128million dollars each year. Moreover, the development of tourism leads to generating 45 million dollars income for the local government per year” (Chase, 2011). In addition, “China National Tourism Administration showed that there is a 15 percent increase of the price level of products which selling in the Middle East and Europe during the New Year holidays, compared to their daily price. However, these increases give some impacts on economy and it is reported that in 2010, 52 million Chinese people travelled abroad” (Lixia, 2011). For another thing, tourism industry either can increase people's income and the rate of employment. “As David Cameron says in Barnett (2010), if the UK tourism industry can attract 0.5% more international tourists, this could generate 50,000 new jobs for local citizens”. “Thus, it is obvious that tourism directly increase the employment rate because those industries like accommodation, tour, travel operations and factories manufacturing can provide large numbers of employment opportunities for the local people” (Nworisara, 2011). These business operations invisibly generate large revenue to the government. Therefore, most countries or investors make huge investments in the tourism industry because of its
Urry, John, The tourist gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies 2nd Ed (London, 2002).
Various definitions of tourism exist. Tourism is defined by Macmillan Online Dictionary as the business of providing services for those people travelling for holidays. Tourism has experienced continued growth over the years and diversification and has become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. For countries like Australia, it has become one of the major contributing sectors in the economy generating large proportions of the national income and at the same time increase employment opportunities. The future is still bright for the industry in the country with possible future growth in expansion and diversification. The industry however has both the pros and cons impacts to various ranges of environments (Tourism Research Australia).
What Is Tourism? Tourism is a multisectoral activity that requires inputs from many industries - agriculture, construction, and manufacturing and from both the public and private sector to produce the goods and services used by tourists. It has no clearly determined boundaries and no physical output; it is a provider of services which in range will vary between countries.' Another more concise definition is: Leisure time activity generally defined as involving an overnight stay or more, away from home. What Are Tourists?
Tourism is a method to demonstrate the community’s pride and to teach others of their wonderful culture. Although tourism is astronomically i...
Tourism is often associated with traveling to places away from home. Tourism has a big impact on the economic growth of some countries, which define the shape of their cities by producing different sectors like historic districts, convention centers, museums, malls, hotels, restaurants, and the list can be endless. Furthermore, tourism elements have been developed by cities for a variety of reasons including: situating themselves in the world by drawing a positive image and attracting visitors and for their money.
Tourism is the travel between a person’s home and a destination and the travel period is not more than one consecutive year for business, leisure and other purposes. According to UNESCO, culture is defined as the set of customs, knowledge, values, arts, principles, rules, and any other traditions adopted by a person as a member of the society. Culture can be tangible or intangible. Examples of culture in tangible form are the architecture of the buildings, historic places, and museums. Examples of culture in intangible form are the beliefs, ethics and the everyday culture of the locals. Tourism can have an influence on the culture of a country or can be used to promote the local culture.
For many economies, tourism has become a key driver for socio-economic progress. It has generated an estimated gross output of US $3.5 trillion and the figure is expected to increase to US $7.0 trillion by 2011 (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2009). The future of the tourism industry is bright as the World Tourism Organization (WTO) forecasts that an estimated one billions tourists will be traveling around the world by the year 2010. The expansion and growth of tourism has contributed to the development of the developed countries as well as less developed counties. Moreover, the economic potential of tourism in less developed countries has been identified as an important contributing factor to global tourism growth (Palmer 2002; Honey 1999; Ashley & Reo 1998; Mowforth & Munt 1998). Malaysia, tourism is the second largest contributor to the economy next to the manufacturing sector. Malaysia’s efforts in developing and promoting its tourism products have produced impressive results. In year 2008, there were 22.05 million of tourist arrivals with total receipts of RM49.6 billion (USD13.4 billion). This amount represents an increase of 5.5% in tourist arrivals and an increase of 7.6% in revenue compared with year 2007. These increases are notable given difficulties and challenging environment with the global economic slowdown and the increase of oil prices in year 2008. The first quarter of 2009 showed a positive growth of 2.2% in tourist arrivals compared to the cor...
Eco-tourism: tourism is based on the appreciation of responsible and ecologically sustainable. Ecotourism is a visit to the environmentally responsible nature (Ceballos and Lascurain, 1996).
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
Defined as an act of the marketable society and a process of holidays and trips to destination of interest or the act of a person going to and living in places outside of their comfortable environment for not more than 12 continuous months for leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism can be classified into inbound tourism and outbound tourism. Inbound tourism is defined as consisting of the activities of the non-resident travels to another country and stays not more than 12 months for leisure, business or other purpose (Official Statistics of Finland (OSF), 2014; Serviturex, 2014). The act of outbound tourism which is defined as the activities that residents travels to and stays in places outside of their own residency country and their own comfort zone for the duration of less than 12 months for any kind of purposes (Official Statistics of Finland (OSF), 2014; MAS, 2009). Figure 2.1 shows the inbound and outbound tourism that exist in tourism.
Wall and Mathieson (2006) defined tourism as “the study of people away from their usual habitat, of the establishment which responds to the requirement of travellers and of the impacts that they have on the economic, physical and social wellbeing of their host”. This definition recognizes the key players in the industry as tourists (people who travel out of their usual place of residence), tourism industry (establishments that responds to the needs of travellers), impacts (economic, environmental, social and cultural) and the host community whose tourism resource the tourist have come to enjoy. Moreover, the community a tourist visits is often termed the host community. Cook et al., (2006), defines the host community as towns or cities that welcome visitors and provide them with the desired services. Smith (2001) also defines host communities as people who live in the vicinity of the tourist attraction and are either directly or indirectly involved with, and/or affected by the tourism activities. Tourism involves some elements of interaction between the tourist and the destination
There is not really a universally accepted definition of tourism. In 1994 the World Tourism Organization (WTO) revised its definition. It says the tourism comprises of 'the activities of persons travelli...
Tourism is the one of economic and social activities that increasingly vital. Number of travellers domestic and international is increasing. In fact, several countries in present world develop tourism sectors as primary sector which generate national income. According to Salah Wahab and Cooper (2003). Tourism is also sector which involves role that mutually link between government, private sector and also public.
In the more economically developed countries (MEDCs), synonymous mainly with the industrialised countries of the northern hemisphere there, has been an explosion in the growth of leisure and tourism industry, which is now believed to be the worlds second largest industry in terms of money generated. In order to differentiate between leisure and tourism it should be recognised that leisure often involves activities enjoyed during an individual’s free time, whereas tourism commonly refers to organised touring undertaken on a commercial basis. Development in the two areas could be attributed to changing patterns in working lives within the last four decades. Generally, people now have more disposable wealth, work shorter hours, receive longer, paid annual leave, retire earlier and have greater personal mobility. In addition, according to Marshall & Wood (1995), the growth of the tourist industry per se can be associated, in part, with the concentration of capital; the emergence of diversified leisure based companies, sometimes within wider corporate conglomerates and often associated with particular airlines. Furthermore, the development of tourism can generate employment both directly, in jobs created in the hotels, restaurants etc, and indirectly, through expenditure on goods and services in the local area. Nevertheless, although the tourist industry is competitive, which essentially keeps down the cost of foreign travel, the success of tourism in any one area can be ‘influenced by weather, changing consumer tastes, demographics, economic cycles, government policy, not to mention international terrorism and other forms of conflict.’(1) Although such factors may have a detrimental affect on the economy of a popular tourist destination (or even tourism in general, in light of September 11th 2001), the consequence of tourism in general is often three fold: environmental, social and cultural, which in turn has prompted a search for new ‘friendly’ approaches that are less destructive.
At the present time, one of the inseparable parts of the economic growth is considered as tourism industry. Commonly, tourism is the movement of people to other places for business or leisure purposes as well as covers their activities. Holloway and Humphreys defines that the places where tourists come and spend their money are called as “tourist destinations” in other words “receiving areas”. Many countries have been improving tourism to overcome economic difficulties since it is growing fast. The industry activities have been demonstrated a general positive trend in the economy and it has already become the inherent part of economic development. In host countries, tourism has led to such positive consequences as the improved infrastructure,