Factorial research designs are experiments that involve factorial combinations of independent variables. Factorial combinations involve pairing each level of one independent variable with each level of a second independent variable. Factorial combinations make it possible to determine the effect of each independent variable alone (main effect) and the effect of the independent variables in combination (interaction effect). The simplest possible experiment involves one independent variable manipulated at two levels. Similarly, the simplest possible factorial design involves two independent variables, each with two levels. Factorial designs are identified by specifying the number of levels of each of the independent variables in the experiment. A 2 x 2 design, than, identifies the most basic factorial design in research. Regardless of the number of independent variables, the number of conditions in a factorial design can be determined by multiplying the number of levels of the independent variables. Factorial designs can also be extended beyond the 2 x 2 design in one of two ways. Experimenters can add levels as the 3 x 2, the 3 x 3, the 4 x 2, the 4 x 3, and so on. Experimenters can also build on the 2 x 2 design by increasing the number of independent variables in the same experiment. The number of levels of each variable can range from a 2 to some unspecified upper limit. The addition of a third or fourth independent variable yields designs such as the 2 x 2 x 2, the 3 x 3 x 3, the 2 x 2 x 4, the 2 x 3 x 3 x 2, and so on (CITE).
Kaiser, Vick, & Major (2006) conducted a factorial experiment using the emotional Stroop task to investigate whether women with an expectation of being stigmatized through sexism would demon...
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... word-type variable. The main effect of word type was statistically significant. Kaiser et al. found that, overall; women attended more to the social-identity threatening cues than to both the illness-threatening cues and the nonthreatening cues. There was no difference, however, between the latter two conditions. These findings indicated that when consciously aware of the word types, women paid greater attention to words indicating a threat to their social identity. Kaiser et al. also tested for the main effect of the social-identity variable by averaging across the word-type variable, the means for the identity-threat condition and the identity-safety condition. Kaiser et al. found that the main effect of the social-identity variable was not statistically significant, indicating that response times were similar for women in the threat and safety condition.
The authors’ purpose is to raise awareness to the increase of plagiarism, as well as ways that faculty can not only combat the issue, but also educate students on the value of citations around someone else’s words. The article is primarily directed to students and
Scott Jaschik discusses various situations of plagiarism in college in his article, “Winning Hearts and Minds in War on Plagiarism,” in order to argue that there are more efficient solutions to prevent plagiarism. Having his article published in an online news source, Inside Higher Ed, allows for Jaschik to have an audience of first year English and college instructors interested in learning about higher education. Jaschik writes in general to an audience who is interested in academic integrity and those who want to either stop or learn more about plagiarism. Jaschik employs various situations such as an online student discussion board and an assignment to purposely plagiarize in order to highlight common issues with why students plagiarize.
I. Jackson (2012), Even-numbered chapter exercises, p. 360. 2. What is the difference between a.. The recommended design for this type of study is a non-equivalent control group post-test only design. 4.
Sexism can have many negative impacts on the way women view themselves, research was conducted and it showed that when exposed to modern sexism, women expressed negative self-directed emotions. Modern sexism exposure also resulted in stereotypical self-presentation, where in contrast, women who were exposed to old-fashioned sexism displayed less self-defeating behavior. This research concluded that women were more likely to stand up and defend themselves against the old-fashioned gender stereotypes, but let the modern day expectations defeat them (Ellemers & Barreto, 2009).
Numerous research and investigations were conducted on the topic of stereotype threat. In the articles connected to this paper, experiments were performed to see how stereotype threat affected test results. During tests some participants were exposed to variables that activated a negative stereotype while others were not. Those exposed to the negative stereotype had lower results. Therefore stereotype threat resulted in weaker performance. It is proven the threat exists but so...
In the technological world we live in, where we’re only a click away from accessing the web, with billions and billions of searches to our question, plagiarizing has become easier than before. Plagiarism is the act of taking other people 's work and ideas without giving them credit. This can include any form of cheating. Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in the Digital Age, written by Trip Gabriel explores the misunderstanding of plagiarism by students. It also provide anecdotes and reasons given by different people to why students plagiarize without necessarily choosing a stand. Interestingly, it have been found that students still plagiarize knowing that it is wrong, which contradicts the idea that students misunderstand authorship. Authorship
In the first place, writing at any level is a challenge. It is a process that requires active thinking as well as creativity. Equally important, is the drive to understand what is necessary to inform the reader when using someone else’s work. In his findings, Gabriel begins with examples of students that committed plagiarism in colleges both unknowingly and intentionally. After exploring the opinions of writing tutors and officials in these situations, he suggests that many students fail to realize that plagiarism is a crime (Gabriel). He relies on the expert opinions of educators who deal with these situations on a daily basis. One such opinion mentioned, is that of Teresa Fishman, the director for the Center of Academic Integrity at Clemson University (Gabriel). She stated, “It’s possible to believe this information is just out there for anyone to take” (qtd. in Plagiarism Lines). This is said in reference to how easy technology has made “copying” and “pasting” of information according to Gabriel. He visits both sides of the fence, so to speak, concerning the views...
Experimental designs are viewed as the most accurate, and most demanding of research designs, requiring strict attention to rules and procedures. Researchers use these research designs to manipulate and control testing procedures as a way to understand a cause and effect relationship. Commonly, independent variables are manipulated to judge or decide their effect on a dependent variable (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008).
The current behavior system set up in schools around the country include the well none zero-tolerance policy. Beginning in the mid 1990’s, zero-tolerance policies have become widespread in most schools around the country. Due to the increase in violence in schools and widespread fear of danger in schools, education systems have implemented these policies. Originally, these policies were only to give consistent suspension or expulsion to serious crimes in school settings like firearms, drugs, or other weapons brought to school. They were designed to show students that no matter the offense with weapons or drugs, serious consequences would result. These rules were intended to help prevent prejudices from influencing student’s consequences. However,
Changes in society have brought issues regarding gender stereotype. Gender roles are shifting in the US. Influences of women’s movement (Firestone, Firestone, & Catlett, 2006) and gender equality movement (e.g., Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)) have contributed to expanding social roles for both genders. Nevertheless, gender stereotypes, thus gender stereotype roles continue to exist in the society (Skelly & Johnson, 2011; Wood & Eagly, 2010). With changes in gender roles, pervasiveness of gender stereotype results in a sense of guilt, resentment, and anger when people are not living up to traditional social expectations (Firestone, Firestone, & Catlett, 2006). Furthermore, people can hold gender stereotype in pre-reflective level that they may
... objective in nature, thus producing accurate data. Nevertheless, Allington and McGill-Frazon established that “reduction of a complex phenomenon to a few quantifiable variables can lead to over simplification of the phenomenon” (p.445). In other words, for observations to be complete, a combination of qualitative and quantitative data is necessitated in order to explain the totality of the phenomenon. An advantage of pre-test and post-tests designs is that it can be conducted with a single group or a control group. In the projected research topic, a pre-test and post-test was used with a group to maximize the internal validity. Neverthess, in the projected research topic, the experimental design is used to illustrate a cause and effect between two variables. The disadvantage is that external elements pose a threat to accuracy (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, p.230).
Plagiarism is seen as a severe contravention of normal scholarly conduct, necessitating colleges and universities in the US and UK to establish eit...
Plagiarism, or the unaccredited use of another's work or ideas, has become more and more of a problem in recent times than it was in the past. According to statistics found in a survey conducted by the Free Press, 58% of high school students let someone copy their work in 1969, but by 1989 this number had risen to 97%. The expansion of the World Wide Web and the number of people accessing the Web on a regular basis has caused an epidemic of plagiarism in this country, especially among students. This is a serious problem that must be addressed because many students feel that if they are not getting in trouble for cheating, than it is okay.
Stereotypes are an extra thing that people worry about. In a study, researchers tried to find a way to see if stereotypes put a burden on people and their actions. In the experiment men and women were given a math test, half of the group were told that the test was gender biased. That means that the participants were told that men would do better than the women because women are not good in math. While the other half of the group were told that the test was gender fair. For the half that were told that the test is gender biased, the results revealed the favoring men in gender differences. While for the other half that were told that the test is gender fair, the results told that there were no gender difference. This experiment was conducted in 1998 by Steven J. Spencer, Claude M. Steele and Diane M. Quinn. (Spencer, 1998). This type of issue is called stereotype threat, which affects how one might perform because of the stereotype towards that person.
Plagiarism is a serious offense and a growing trend in our society today. Some may associate plagiarism with the idea of taking someone else’s writing and making it their own. In fact plagiarism involves anything that is copied or taken and said to be of your own work. Dictionary.com defines plagiarism as “the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work, as by not crediting the author”. In fact this definition covers all types of cheating and misrepresentation of ones own work. There are many numbers and statistics that can be found on the amount of individuals that have admitted to cheating. Perhaps the most astounding number is one that was reported by Moeck in 2002 aloft of 40% of higher education students commit academic dishonesty. This number I’m sure has grown since this report and will continue to grow with the development of the Internet. There are a number of ideas and strategies that can be employed in order to stop this ever-growing phenomenon. As teachers and adults, we are responsible for stopping this trend and educating students about the consequences and dangers of plagiarism. I believe there are a variety of reasons individuals plagiarize. First, students are insecure with their own ability; they don’t believe they can do the work therefore they take others. Second, students believe they can get away with the act because they know others who have plagiarized, and there were not any consequences. Lastly, students are uneducated on what plagiarism is and do not know the consequences of their actions if they commit an act. These ideas will be the focus of the position taken on plagiarism in today’s academic society.