Eigen faces is the set of Eigen vectors when represented in computer vision can be used for recognition of faces. It is one of the oldest and basic form of facial recognition developed by Sirovich and Kirby in 1987 and used by Mathew A Turk and Alex P Pentland. This is a five step process which results in the recognition of images from the set of face images stored in the database. The steps are: The system is to be initialized by feeding in the initial set of face images which are to be stored in a database. All the images are processed and a covariance matrix is obtained and Eigen values and respective Eigen vectors for calculated for the matrix. Principal component analysis is used to select the Eigen vectors with highest Eigen values. The face image to be recognized is processed to obtain its Eigen components and the weight of the image is calculated. The difference between the obtained weight and weight of individual images recognizes the face. 2.1) INITIALIZATION OF IMAGES Every image can be represented by a vector in which each vector value represents a pixel of the ima...
...e data from the camera is fed to the processing unit in a computer (PC). The raw data is processed and the heart rate and the PPG waveform are displayed on the screen.
Now-a-day, biometric authentication system or simply biometric system, offers a reliable and user-friendly solution to the problem of identity management by establishing the identity of an individual based on “who the person is”, rather than the knowledge-based i.e. “what the person knows" or token-based i.e. “what the person carries” (Jain et al., 1999). The word biometrics is derived from the Greek words bios (meaning life) and metron (meaning measurement); biometric identifiers are measurements from living human body (Maltoni et al., 2003). Biometric system refers to automatically identify or verify an individual's identity based on his physiological characteristics (e.g. fingerprints, face, iris and hand geometry) and behavioral characteristics (e.g. gait, voice and signature) (Figure 2.1). Ancillary characteristics (also known as soft biometric) such as gender, ethnicity, age, eye color, skin color, scars and tatoos also provide some information about the identity of a person. However, soft biometric traits do not provide sufficient evidence to precisely determine the identity (Jain et al., 2004a). Biometric traits provide a unique and permanent binding between an individual and his identity. This “binding" cannot be easily lost, forgotten, shared or forged and free from making false repudiation claims. Biometrics offers several advantages over conventional security measures. These include
It is easy to think of biometrics as the future science technology are always happened in some fictions, associated with solar car and clones together. In fact, it has long history that people understood the basic principle and application of the biometric. Thousands of years ago, the people of the Nile basin used the biometric in everyday transactions (such as scarring, skin tone, eye color, height, etc.) for identification. Of course, they had no any automatic electronic identification system, or computer network, but the principle is similar.
The most predominant feature of the human face is eyes. When talking to a person our eyes meet there eyes; the way that people identify each other is through eyes; eyes even have the power to communicate on its own. Eliezer identified people buy there eyes and knew their emotions through their eyes. “Across the aisle, a beautiful women with dark hair and dreamy eyes. I had
A biometric recognition system can be used with a number of physiological characteristics (e.g. fingerprint, palmprint, hand geometry, face, iris, ear shape, and retina vein) and behavioral characteristics (e.g. gait, voice, signature and keystroke dynamics) to provide automatic identification of individuals based on their inherent physical and /or behavioral characteristics. Among these biometrics, iris recognition is one of the most accurate and reliable biometric for identification because of following characteristics (i) Iris pattern has complex and distinctive pattern such as arching ligaments, crypts, corona, freckles, furrows, ridges, rings and a zigzag collarette [1]. (ii) possess 266 degrees-of-freedom in variability and uniqueness in the order of one in 1072 [2].
By definition, “biometrics” (Woodward, Orlans, and Higgins, 2003) is the science of using biological properties to identify individuals; for example, fingerprints, retina scans, and voice recognition. We’ve all seen in the movies, how the heroes and the villains have used other’s fingerprints and voice patterns to get into the super, secret vault. While these ideas were fantasy many years ago, today biometrics are being used and you may not even know it.
Biometrics-based authentication applications include workstation, network, and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data protection, remote access to resources, transaction security and Web security (Campbell, 1995). Utilized alone or integrated with other technologies such as smart cards, encryption keys and digital signatures, biometrics are set to pervade nearly all aspects of the economy and our daily lives (Campbell, 1995). Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, iris, and voice (Campbell, 1995).
When Maxwell Smart first whipped out his shoe phone in 1965, everyone saw an act of pure movie magic. Back in the mid to late 1900s everybody had the same idea of the future. Everyone pictured the future as talking robots (Siri), computerized pocket-sized dictionaries (smart-phones), hovering devices (drones), and much more. Today, everyone thinks of these technologies as commonalities. Most of these current devices have a valuable impact, while few create debatable issues. The company NGI has a system that will revolutionize the field of biometric facial recognition. In the article titled Embracing Big Brother: How Facial Recognition Could Help Fight Crime, author Jim Stenman says, "The mission is to reduce terrorist and criminal activity by improving and expanding biometric identification as well as criminal history information s...
The large width Gaussian masks are not preferred as detector's sensitivity to noise is low and moreover, the localization error in the detected edges also increases with increase in Gaussian mask width. Step 2:- After the initial pre-processing steps of smoothening and removal of noise, the edge strength is calculated by taking the gradient of the image. For the purpose of edge detection in an image, the Sobel operator first performs a 2-D spatial gradient measurement with the help of convolution masks. The convolution masks used are of the size 3X3, where one is used to calculate the horizontal gradient(Gx) while the other is used to calculate the vertical gradient(Gy). Then, the approximate absolute edge strength can be calculated at each point.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
[Jain, 2004] Jain, A.K.;Ross, A.;Prabhakar, S.;"An introduction to biometric recognition", Volume: 14 Issue: 1 Issue Date: Jan. 2004, on page(s): 4 - 20
Biometric technology is used for the ways humans can be identified by unique aspects of their bodies, such as fingerprints, body odor, our voices and many more. If one was to think about privacy rights, he/she would be concerned about the widespread adoption of these systems, since such systems could easily be used to develop a record of known rebellious people and/or dangerous criminals, to be used for social control purposes. Although that may seem pretty good and a positive thing for the society, one should take into account of the defects and errors of technology. Of the many biometrics technologies that are being developed and are already developed, facial recognition is one of the most threatening because it can be deployed secretly; one may not know whether or when they can be caught in a surveillance camera for such facial recognition biometrics. Additionally, tests have found that the miscalculations for facial biometrics technologies are very high. As a result, according to Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, innocent people can be erroneously identified as dangerous criminals and actual dangerous criminals and/or suspected terrorists can fail to be detected overall, allowing for a huge injustice and unfairness. Privacy rights concerned with biometrics have sparked a concern and should be dealt with; otherwise, this is just one of the
Face reading is the study of a person’s face to understand the nature and attributes of that person. Face readers can easily identify if a person is honest, intelligent, or reliable. Looking for these characteristics in a person is very easy, but trying to read them is very difficult. How could one read a person from the outset? The face has many different attributes that you will have to understand to read the person properly.
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.
...d it can learn the face of him. In the next time the system will be able to recognize and categorize this person.