Face Perception Essay

Woodward followed this experiment with one containing a “flat occluder shaped like an arm and hand, a rod tipped with a sponge, or a mechanical claw” (Luo & Baillargeon, 2005). With this experiment he found that they didn’t look longer at the new goal even and said that, “5 to 6 month old infants attribute goals to humans but not to nonhuman agents” (Luo & Baillargeon). I think... ... middle of paper ... ...xample: picking one toy over another, or choosing one path over another as mentioned in the studies above. The agent must also have the right to choose. If the agent is already facing the object that it will choose the baby will not consider it an agent because it could be that the agent is just moving in that direction without choice.

As a basic cognitive adaptation, natural pedagogy provides more evidences for infants’ sensitivity of ostensive signals. In the ostensive-referential communicative environment, by the active guiding of adults, infants have more opportunities to select the information they needed (Sperber & Wilson, 1986). When they face up to the challenge of ambiguous context, this natural pedagogy pattern will help them to learn general knowledge even social culture. Furthermore, consistent with the natural pedagogy theory, infants will apply this learning strategies to the new situation and every time when they are in contact with generalized information. In generally, this special information transfer pattern among human is beneficial for human infants to accumulate social knowledge and building general social norms.

197). “Recently researchers at the University of Washington and Temple University have found the first evidence revealing a key aspect of the brain processing that occurs in babies to allow this learning by observation” (“Baby Brains Learn Through Imitation”). In their study they found that when a baby observed an adult touch a toy with their hand the same part of the brain that controls the same hand on the child would light up. The same was true if they observed an adult touch the toy with their foot, the foot part of the child’s brain would light up. These results showed that when babies observed someone els... ... middle of paper ... ...Jones and Hebert found that infants as early as 6 weeks old imitate facial expressions and infants 6 to 9 months of age have shown to exhibit deferred imitation of actions demonstrated with objects.

One group had Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), another group had developmental delays (DD) but autism was ruled out, and the third group had a typical development (TD). They conducted a study in which they videotaped some behavioral samples using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS). This is a clinical tool that is used to measure repetitive and stereotyped movements (RSM) in young children. The experiment takes about twenty minutes to administer and uses communication techniques such as bubbles, different toys, cheerios, books, and other activities to promote communication is the children. Study 2 Luyster, Rhiannon J., Kadlec, Mary Beth, Carter, Alice, Tager-Flusberg, Helen (2008) Language Assessment and Development in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders Participants were based on ages of 18 to 33 months and were picked from collaboration with early intervention in Massachusetts.

This study measured infants’ and toddlers’ language development using the short-form Communicative Development Inventory (CDI). The CDI is a reliable and valid means of measuring linguistic and communicative development. The study found that reading and telling stories at least once per day each was correlated with an increase in CDI score for both 8- to 16-month olds and 17- to 24- mont... ... middle of paper ... ...control. All the suggestions of areas where parental interaction may have an uncontrolled effect in this study suggests that parental interaction is absolutely crucial to language development. This study shows a significant negative correlation in the language development of infants who watch and hour or more of baby DVDs/videos per day.

As researchers Malastesta and Haviland puts it, “children develop the ability to modulate their emotional expression in the course of growing up” (Malatesta and Haviland 1986). According to Malatesta and Haviland “several studies of early mother-infant interaction suggest that young infants are exposed to modeling and instrumental learning conditions during face-to-face play with their mothers; these conditions conceivably constitute the very first occasions for learning display rules.” To test hypothesis, the author conducted a study to measure... ... middle of paper ... ...ts is shown below Works Cited Campbell, L., Martin, R. A., & Ward, J. R. (2008). An observational study of humor use while resolving conflict in dating couples. Personal Relationships, 15(1), 41-55. Brooks, J., & Lewis, M. (1976).

Batki, Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Connellan and Ahluwalia (2000) focused on new-born children – particularly those aged less than 2 months old. Using a gaze study, they measured how long 2 month old infants looked at a photograph of a woman with her eyes open and her eyes closed. They found that the infants spent more time looking at a photograph with eyes open. From this, they concluded that infants have a preference for a face-like pattern and believed that this may be an innate mechanism within the brain that detects eye-like stimuli and, therefore, directs attention towards that stimulus. It has also been noted that babies from just one month old prefer a facial pattern (Fantz, 1961).

By the age of five, the majority of the children are able to switch immediately between dimensions when told to do so (Zelazo, 2006). Variations of the standard version of the dimensional change card sort were used to study if they effects shown any improvements in the executive functioning of the younger children. In one study conducted by Doebel and Zelazo (2013), the experimenter labeled the relevant dimension on the test card. The children were more likely to perform correctly on the post-switch phase (Doebel & Zelazo, 201... ... middle of paper ... ...ad an effect on the children’s performance. Also, most of the children had already participated in the same stud with previous researchers.

The results they came up with were that very young infants could tell the difference between the primary colors and combinations but there were numerous limitations to the study (Chase, 1937). The study had placed infants to lie down and view a screen while observing eye movements (Chase, 1937). Findings by Franklin, Pilling, and Davies (2005) explain that color categorizing occurs in four month old infants and adults alike. A study by Bornstein, Kessen, & Weiskopf (1976) has supporting evidence that color is categorized in 4 month old infants and determined the boundaries within... ... middle of paper ... ... it is new in their development of color. Some limitations may be order effects of pairs given to each participant or the age of individuals.

Piaget discovered that infants under six months perceived things in a here and now format. He used a very simple experiment to prove this; he would show infants of varying age a toy and then cover up the