As with most countries worldwide following the 9-11 attacks, the spread of the transnational terrorist threat rests heavily on the governments and their institutions. Since 2001, the United States led the way in increasing its border security and many nations followed suite. The European Union and its member States realized they needed to plug their porous borders, as it is widely known that some of the 9-11 hijackers planned and based their treacherous deeds from within some EU member countries; so the world was watching to see what the EU would do in response. The EU, as a Regional Organization, increased its implementation of counter-terrorism and anti-criminal measures in 2005 by creating FRONTEX. Simply put, FRONTEX is the European Union’s Border Management Agency. This paper will briefly explain FRONTEX’s mission, structure and its role in securing the EU’s external borders and discuss current issues FRONTEX faces as it continues to evolve and counter external threats to Europe and whether or not it has been effective in doing so.
The need for such an institution began back when the Schengen Area was put into force in 1995. This agreement eliminated internal border checks and created a single external border. Initially (in 2003), the European Council created the External Border Practitioners Common Unit (a type of border agency) charged with the oversight of seven ad-hoc border control centers within the EU. 48 months later in 2005, the EU took the idea a step further and created FRONTEX, in an effort to encompass cooperation among all member States’ border control agencies and not just the seven countries previously.
FRONTEX “promotes, coordinates and develops European border management in line with the EU fundamental ri...
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Ibid, 237.
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"FRONTEX-Roles and Responsibilities." FRONTEX. http://frontex.europa.eu/operations/roles-and-responsibilities (accessed January 28, 2014).
Prutha Patel Mr. Lougheed Social Studies 09 February, 2016 Has Europe United? Do you believe that the European Union has united Europe? A supranational cooperation is when countries give up some control of their affairs as they work together to achieve shared goals. The European countries have used supranational cooperation to create the European Union because they want to prevent future wars, and rebuild the weak economy that had formed after the two wars. The European Union has united Europe because it has made Europe have a common currency called the Euro, has a common “government” for the European Union, and has all of the countries influenced when one country that is part of the European Union is in “trouble”.
Diener, A. C., & Hagen, J. (2012). Borders:A Very Short Introduction. Great Britian: Oxford University Press. Retrieved March 1, 2014
In his address to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson declared freedom of the seas in times of peace and war. Looking back, it seems ridiculous to think that anyone could challenge the right of individuals to navigate the oceans freely. However, fast-forward to the twenty-first century and we can see an analogous debate over the issue of immigration rights, with territorial borders being the main topic of discussion. The system of immigration in the United States is complex and oftentimes restrictive, and while revisions to the system usually include increasing quotas or other solutions to let in certain groups of people who deserve special consideration (such as those whose skills are needed in a particular field), they are still very limited solutions. The obvious question that arises from letting in some people but not others is that of fairness. Is the accident of birth or luck of being in the right place at the right time enough to justify restrictive citizenship to a select few? I would argue not. I intend to argue that a commitment to human rights entails the position that borders ought to be open in order to guarantee other human rights, especially the right to migrate.
...: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (4), pp. 603-24.
Secondly, in relation to the issue of security, the U.S administration should endeavor to spread a helping hand to counter terrorism-breeding points internationally. In addition, security perimeters of immigrants should be spread to ensure that it operates without hitches. Most terrorist will immigrate to the U.S posing as investors or students, and not commonly as job seekers. Thus, more policy measures should be reinstated in relation to this approach.
In her book “Borderland/La Frontera, The New Mestiza” by Gloria Anzaldua, Gloria talks about what it means to be able to identify, culturally, one’s self. So what does it mean to be able to identify one’s self with a specific culture? What about when the culture you identify yourself with, to other cultures, isn’t legitimate? In her writing, Gloria expresses the struggles of Chicanos trying to find their own identity with language. By showing how she had to use several different styles of English and Spanish growing up, the rejections of both American and Mexican cultures, and by showing how the Chicano language finally came about, Gloria is able to effectively convey this point.
There are many different challenges that the United States is faced with in regards to border protection. Some of these challenges include, but are not limited to: political conflict, immigration smuggling, funding, and the immigration nationalism. The main challenge is the amount of funding given to border protection agencies. Legislation continues to debate over how much funding should be given to border control based on political conflicts and the issue of Nationalism. "A focus on border control, as has been the debate in the Legislature during the last year, is simply an extension of a longstanding political trend" (Ibrahim & Bargerhuff & Krikorian & Canty, para.
The beat-up Arab minivan slowed tentatively under the scrutinizing gaze of the Israeli soldier on duty. The routine was simple. About halfway between Damascus Gate in East Jerusalem and Ramallah, the West Bank commercial center, the driver, blaring Arabic music on his radio, maneuvered around the dusty slabs of concrete that composed the Beit Haninah Checkpoint. He waited for a once-over by the Hebrew-speaking 18-year-old and permission to continue. Checkpoints-usually just small tin huts with a prominent white and blue Israeli flag-have become an integral and accepted part of Palestinian existence under Israeli occupation. But for me, a silent passenger in the minivan, each time we entered the no man's land between Israeli territory and the West Bank, my hea...
Cerutti, F and Lucarelli, S: The Search for a European Identity: Values, Policies and Legitmacy of the European Union, (2008) Routledge
The economical advantages are those that are most evident in our nation these days. Consumers want products, products need delivering, deliveries require logistics, and logistics cannot be performed without the proper road network. It is here that EU grants have helped, being instrumental in the upgrading of our road infrastructure, allowing them to cope with the increased flow of traffic create...
After WWII, many politically influential people saw a need to create some form of interdependence between the nation states of Europe as a means to preventing further war (Watts, 2008: p6). In 1951 Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg all signed the Treaty of Paris creating the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC); the beginnings of an integrated Europe which has seen many changes since its creation (Thody, 1997: p1). Today it has become the highly integrated European Union with 28 member states, 18 of which share a single currency (Archick, 2014: p1). The process of EU integration is a complex one, as can be seen in its history and will surely be seen in its future. There is no simple explanation that can successfully explain the growth of the EU from a economic community of six nation states to the political and economic union it has become today. However there are two competing theories for explaining EU integration that give opposing views on the matter, neo-functionalism and intergovernmentalism. In this essay I will examine both theories and attempt to reach a conclusion if either successfully explains EU integration.
Atzili, Boaz. (2007). When Good Fences Make Bad Neighbors: Fixed Borders, State Weakeness, and International Conflict. International Security. 31 (3), p139-173.
Hübner, Danuta. "EU Cohesion Policy 1988-2008 Investing in Europe's Future." Info Regio 26 (2008): 1-36. Print.
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe is a regional security based organization. This organization is unique in many ways and has been contributing to the security of its members and neighbors since 1975. The OSCE has had a busy history from the Cold War and beyond. With the end of the Cold War major shifts have come about in the area of international security that this organization primarily deals with. The OSCE is now facing a new era where it needs to convince its members that it still has a role to play.
Between January and November of this year more than 750,000 migrants have been estimated crossing into the EU’s borders compared to only 280,000 in the whole year during 2014 (www.bbc.com). This influx of refugees and asylum seekers from the Middle East has become a heavy burden for European Union policy makers. Many state leaders have opposing viewpoints and varying solutions to the crisis that is plaguing their region and as a result there has been little to no actions taken to solve this ever growing problem. This crisis should serve as prime example of global cooperation, and it should highlight the ability to come together internationally and deal with important problems that affect all individuals. The solution of the refugee crisis will