Methods of Eye Tracking
A technique of recording eye position and movements is called oculography. There are four methods to track the motion of the eyes.
Electro-Oculography, In this method, sensors are placed on the skin around the eyes. This sensors measure an electric field exists when eyes rotate. By recording this small potential difference around the eye, the position of the eye can be estimated. This signal can change when there is no eye movement. This method is not useful for everyday use, since it requires the contact of electrodes around eye but is still used by clinicians. One of the advantages of this method is its ability to detect eye movements even when the eye is closed [4].
Scleral Search Coils, When a coil of wire placed
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This illumination appears as a glint on the cornea of the eye and is called as corneal reflection. This glint is used as the reference point for most of the existing work for gaze estimation. Whenever the head moves the glint will clearly change location, but when changing gaze direction occur it is less obvious that the glint shifts position. Merchant et al. in 1974 introduced the beginning work employing a single camera, a collection of mirrors and a single illumination source to produce the desired result [6)]. Yasuk Sugano et al. proposed a gaze tracking system which in coperate a single camera mounted on the monitor. The head pose of a person is estimated in this system by using a 3D rigid facial mesh [7]Ohno et al proposed a single camera system with a single glint [8]. Matsumoto et al. developed a system which computes the 3D head pose and estimate the 3D position of the eyeball using a single stereo system [9]. Wangand Sung also proposed similar approach[10]. Paul Smith et al. proposed a system with a single camera for monitoring head/eye motion for driver alertness [11] Chi Jian-nan et al developed a system consisting of active infrared source and a camera used for pupil tracking based on particle filtering . [12]. Laura Sesma et al. introduced a gaze tracking system based on a web cam and without using infrared light is a goal to widen the applications of eye tracking …show more content…
Narrow field camera is positioned at lower monitor corners which capture high resolution images king. Due to the narrow field of view head motion can be possible. [16]. Ke Zhang et al. proposed a 3D gaze tracking system with a pair of stereo cameras and two light sources [17].Reale et al. proposed a two camera system that detects the face from a fixed camera .which Estimates the location of eye region using an eye detector based on features of eye [18)].
2. Methods of Gaze Tracking
In gaze tracking first step is to estimate the position of eye from captured image and with this obtain result and information of head pose gaze is estimated. Two types of imaging processes are used in video-based eye tracking visible and infrared spectrum imaging. These methods are broadly classified into feature-based and appearance-based gaze estimation system
2.1Feature-based Gaze Estimation, Feature-based methods utilize the characteristics of the human eye to identify like limbus, pupil contour, eye comers and cornea reflections which are the common features used for gaze estimation. These features are generally less sensitive to variations in illumination and viewpoint [19] .The accuracy of this method decreases when accurate iris and pupil features are not available. There are two types of feature based methods exists [20] model-based and
Then, when she was finished reading, she stopped at a particular line and I wrote down her results. I also tested her other eye, which is her right eye, which had different results. After, she finished and I wrote her results down, I tested her vision field by sitting in front of her and placing my finger near her ear and she then told me when she saw my finger first. Next, I tested Jazmine Cooley’s oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves by looking at the pupil of her eye and briefly shining a flashlight into her eyes asking her to look up, down, left, right, and side to side. Then, I repeated the same test, however, I did not use a flashlight this time, but I had her follow along to my clenched fist with my thumb held up.
...icial Eye to create in-store cinema venues’ [online] screendaily. Available from http://www.screendaily.com/hmv-curzon-artificial-eye-to-create-in-store-cinema-venues/5000273.article [accessed on the 30-3-2014]
Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Guilford Press.
Myopia is a condition in which visual images come into focus in front of the retina of the eye. This condition causes objects at a distance to appear blurry, while objects nearby are seen clearly. If not severe, myopia can be treated with contacts or glasses. Other treatments for myopia include photoreactive keratectomy (PRK), LASIK, and orthokeratology. Degenerative myopia is a quick progression of myopia and leads to complete loss of vision. The treatment for degenerative myopia is a combination of medication and laser surgery.
Eyes are the ‘organ of sight or vision; the visual sense; the sense of seeing’ (Biology-Online). The eye is an organ that detects light and sends signals along the optic nerve to the brain. The eye allows for light recognition and the ability to differentiate between colors, and light and dark. The eye is approximately 2.54 cm wide, 2.54 cm deep and 2.2 cm tall. The human eye has around 200-degree viewing angle and can see and detect more than 10 million colors and shades. This essay is going to look at ways of seeing. The possible problems with eyesight, and eyes of various kinds. It is one of the most rare problems today that is affecting people, all over the world. Around the world an estimate of 4 in 10 people have perfect vision/sight (BBC). The population of the world right now
...omated detection of lines and points in the images and the use of smart markers in reference video recordings.
This is a representation of the eye's lens system. This eye has no eye condition, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, and the lens is drawn in its relaxed position. The light rays are focused appropriately on the retina. The thickness of the cornea is 0.449 mm, the distance from the cornea to the lens is 2.
middle of paper ... ...137-137. Human Perception and Performance, 15(3): 448-456. Eriksen, C. W. & St. James, J. D. (1986). Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model.
Now for our eyes we use them for vision, their like our own personal camera’s,
The most commonly used vision-based coding system is the facial action coding system (FACS) proposed by Ekman and Friesen [5] for The Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement, FACS enables facial expression analysis through standardized coding of changes in facial motion in terms of atomic facial actions called Action Units (AUs). The tracking and recognition of facial activities are characterized by three levels, first in the bottom level, facial feature points around each facial component is captured. Second in the middle level, Facial action units defined using the facial action coding system(FACS), represent the contribution of a specific set of facial muscles. Finally in the top level, six prototypical facial expressions represents the global facial muscle movement and are commonly used to describe the human emotion states.
The eye is an extremely diverse organ, ranging in complexity across and within animal phyla. Here, a comparative approach is taken to outlining the diversity of the eye forms within vertebrates and invertebrates. The eye morphology of a variety of organisms was examined. Eye function, and placement on the body was also considered. Here, variation in eye form is discussed in relation to the environment the organism is adapted to. It is shown that an organisms eye morphology functions optimally for the ecological niche it occupies. Evolutionary analysis is used to account for the emergence of the different eyes. Convergent evolution is used to justify the similarities in eye types seen in organisms of different species. This analysis begins with the simplest of eye forms composes of single cells, present in the zooplankton larvae. Such primitive forms are identified in mollucs, annelids, cnidarians, and are then compared to more advanced eye forms contain lenses. This comparative approach provides a breadth of examples of vertebrates and invertebrates, making visible, the diversity of eye morphology within the animal kingdom.
Donovan, W. L. & Leavitt, L. A. (1980). Physiologic correlates of direct and averted gaze. Biological Psychology, 10, 189-199.
In the process of human infants’ development, infants start to learn how to communicate with the others at the surprising early age, for example: Newborns can follow objects to make saccades to peripheral targets (Farroni et al., 2004);Infants’ responding eye gaze behaviour increase constantly since two months old (Scaife & Bruner, 1975); Cooper and Aslin pointed out that this preference showed up as early as the infants were one month old in 1990. Infants not only can respond to eye contact, vocal cues also are used for gaining more reference information during a communication, particularly when the speech is conducted forward to the infants. It had been reported in many studies that infants show more preference to infant-directed communication
[5] Kresimir Delac, Mislav Grgic, Panos Liatsis. (March 2005). Appearance based statistical methods for face recognition. The 47th international symposium EL, Croatia.
Have you ever wondered why the sky is blue. Often times I find myself looking up on a clear day, pondering over that question? Why isn’t it green, or red or pink for even that matter. Every day, the human eye blinks more than 23,00 times. The human eye is a complicated organ that performs one of the most important tasks for our body. There are many questions about the eye however. What function do they perform? What happens if we don’t take care of them? How exactly do they work together to help us form images? Exactly how far can they human eye see?