A B S T R A C T
Solvent extraction of the nitrogen compounds present in straight run gas oil (SRGO) and straight run gas oil/light cycle oil mixtures (SRGO/LCO) were studied using acetone and acetone/water mixtures. In the batch experiments, LCO content in SRGO varied from 0 to 15 %, water in acetone went from 0 to 15 % and the solvent/feed ratio changed from 1 to 3. The effect of these variables on the nitrogen removal and gain or loss of hydrocarbon weight in the raffinate products was studied. The nitrogen removal is increased by the decrease in the amount of water in acetone (0 to 15 %), and the increase of solvent/feed ratio (from 1 to 3) for all the SRGO and SRGO/LCO samples. As the amount of LCO increased in the feed, a reduction of the raffinate yield decreased, meaning that as higher the aromatic content in the feed, higher the removal of aromatic compounds.
These results were confirmed by experiments in continuous system, where SRGO and SRGO/LCO mixtures up to 40/60 were used. It was probed that as higher was the aromatic content in the feed, higher the nitrogen and aromatic removal in the raffinate, but lower the quality of the product as fuel.
Keywords: Extraction; Nitrogen; ULSD; Desulfurization; Desaromatization.
1. Introduction
The production of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is so essential to protect life on earth that many stringent environmental regulations for this nonrenewable fuel have been established worldwide in spite of the sustained decrement in the crude oil quality. Several technological alternatives have been developed to overcome those challenges [1-3]; for example: the withdrawal of the nitrogen compounds (N-compounds) in the feedstocks processed for diesel fuel production due to its hydrodesulfurization (HDS) inhibition capabilities [4-7].
The N-compounds are frequently classified into two groups: basic (i.e. pyridines
The boiling point of the product was conducted with the silicone oil. Lastly, for each chemical test, three test tubes were prepared with 2-methylcyclohexanol, the product, and 1-decene in each test tube, and a drop of the reagent were added to test tubes. The percent yield was calculated to be 74.8% with 12.6g of the product obtained. This result showed that most of 2-methylcyclohexanol was successfully dehydrated and produced the product. The loss of the product could be due to the incomplete reaction or distillation and through washing and extraction of the product. The boiling point range resulted as 112oC to 118oC. This boiling point range revealed that it is acceptable because the literature boiling point range included possible products, which are 1-methylcyclohexene, 3-methylcyclohexene, and methylenecyclohexane, are 110 to 111oC, 104oC, and 102 to 103 oC. For the results of IR spectroscopy, 2-methylcyclocahnol showed peaks at 3300 cm-1 and 2930 cm-1, which indicated the presence of alcohol and alkane functional group. Then, the peak from the product showed the same peak at 2930 cm-1 but the absence of the other peak, which indicated the absence of the alcohol
Based on our observations during the separation techniques and some speculation, we were able to identify eight components of our mixture: graphite from the filtration residue, Epsom salt from crystallization, water and acetic acid through distillation, red and orange dye, iron metal, marble chips, and sand.
Purpose/Introduction: In this experiment, four elimination reactions were compared and contrasted under acidic (H2SO4) and basic (KOC(CO3)3) conditions. Acid-catalyzed dehydration was done on 2-butanol and 1-butanol; a 2o and 1o alcohol, respectively. The base-induced dehydrobromination was performed on 2-bromobutane and 1-bromobutane isomeric halides. The stereochemistry and regiochemistry of the four reactions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) to determine product distribution (assuming that the amount of each product in the gas mixture is proportional to the area under its complementary GC peak).
The fuels are Ethanol, Propanol, Propan-2-ol. Butanol and Butan-2-ol. Setting up the practicals. Because there are some restrictions on the time we are going to have to perform the experiment, we are first going to find out a set up. that would allow us to produce definite results quickly.
Normally, emulsified water is generally present in crude oil as a result of the mixing occurring during production operations and referred to as oil field emulsion. This emulsion can be encountered at numerous stages include during drilling, producing, transporting and processing of crude oil. However, the formation of emulsion creates problems in oil field industry. They might increase the cost of production and also transportation; accumulate in the refinery tank age, pipeline corrosion, equipment failure, plugged pipeline. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to remove water completely from the crude oil emulsion before refining and transporting those. In order to separate the water content of the produced crude oils, the emulsions have to be broken through demulsification process.
When the problems with gasoline use are considered, the catastrophic environmental effects are the primary concern. Automobile use consumes 70 percent of the United States oil supply and is responsible for one-third of the nation’s carbon emissions (Lovins 173). This results in pollution, global warming, and health problems for the people, plants, and animals. The search for alternative fuel is powered by the increasingly evident environmental problems and long-term health of the planet (Povey 17). Fortunately, reducing emissions globally is predicted to have a positive effect and offset previous harms (Backer).
The theoretical yield of the m-nitrobenzoate was de-termined to be 4.59 grams. The actual amount of crude product was determined to be 3.11 grams. The percent yield of the crude product was determined to be 67.75 %. The actual amount of pure product formed was found to be 4.38 grams. The percent yield of the pure product was determined to be 95.42%. Regarding the thin layer chromatography, the line from the solvent front was 8 centimeters.
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
Once reaching a constant mass after driving of the excess diethyl ether, the crude product had a mass of 0.327grams and a high percent yield of 97.8%. During the first TLC examination of the crude product it was found to have 3 spots on the plate, biphenyl, benzaldehyde, and benzhydrol with Rf values of 0.68, 0.36, and 0.10 respectively. It was expected to see benzhydrol, the product, and biphenyl, the impurity, on the plate, but the presence of benzaldehyde was telling that not all of the starting material had been consumed during
The Low-Carbon fuel is good for the environment, species around it, and almost all living organisms. Almost all the oil in the U.S. contains ethanol, which is processe...
The diesel we use today is much “cleaner” than previous types. Clean diesel is a type of diesel fuel that is often referred to as ULSD. This acronym stands for Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel. This type of fuel is a more refined fuel than previous standard types of diesel. Although it is not the same as biodiesel, many people do not actually know the difference between “biodiesel” and “clean diesel”. Biodiesel is a fuel derived from biological substances which can include plants, plant oil, and animal fat. Even though biodiesel and clean diesel are two different things, they are usually mixed
Performing this experiment, we used the technique called Acid-Base extraction to isolate Eugenol, which is one of the main ingredients of clove oil. Acid-Base extraction is the most efficient method for isolating organic component; it is efficient because it purifies the acid and base mixture based on their chemical identities. We have seen throughout this experiment that acid and base play an important role, when it comes to solubility in water. Our basic knowledge of acid and base is acid is a proton donor and base is a proton acceptor. This ideology helps us to understand why organic compounds are not soluble in water. When compounds tend to be insoluble, we have to use acid and base reaction, to change its solubility. The changes that occurred
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
After the fuel is filtered and purified of all pollutants and contaminations, the fuel or substance is then sold in its filtered state. The fuel is then no longer processed. Smaller molecules, for example, butylene and propylene has the ability to “partner up” to qualify for the designated octane requirements for th...
Bolton J. R., (1977), Solat Power and Fuels, New York, San Francisco, London, (by) ACADEMIC PRESS, INC