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Consequences of maternal stress during pre and postnatal development
Stress when youre pregnant cause and effect thesis
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This extended essay will investigate the topic of prenatal development and its correlation with stress factors. The controversy involving prenatal development and stress can be seen as somewhat of a gray area. There will be a series of research and investigations studied, which took place after several natural disasters to show the correlation between the development of a child after birth and possibly accrediting it to the stress. One of these research articles also has correlated the cases of asymmetrical fingerprints, possibly caused by the stress the mothers were exposed to during their second trimester of gestation - which is said to be when fingerprints are formed. There will also an exploration of animal studies wherein rhesus monkeys were put under stress during their gestation. Overall, the purpose of this investigation is to show the correlation between prenatal development and whether or not stress is a teratogen.
Investigation
In order to fully understand the effect that stress factors can have on prenatal development on a woman during pregnancy, one must understand th...
It’s not a big surprise that stress is a factor in heath, the phrase “stress will kill you” is used often enough that people get the concept quite well. However most ignore the common warning signs of high level stresses leading to endless health issues, breaking down the quality of life. In the movie “Stress of a Portrait killer”, focuses on living and work environments capable of increasing stress levels effecting health. The study by a researcher in Holland linked stress induction during fetal life from people born during the Dutch Holland Winter of 1944. Her study results concluded, during pregnancy when the mothers were exposed to high levels of stress, the fetus was negatively affected in levels that lasted throughout their lives. The
Schetter, C. (2009). Stress Processes in Pregnancy and Preterm Birth. Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 18(4), 205-209. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01637.x
As a learning provider it is essential that I have the ability to meet the requirements of someone who is deemed as a learner. Many of us know that people are different and receive information in several different ways. It is also ideal to become aware of what motivates a learner to understand the information which is being delivered to them in the classroom. As learning providers we cannot make the assumption that everybody learns in the same way because if that were the case we would soon find that the learners will only have the ability to remember certain parts of the information that they most relate to. This would result in the learners being unsuccessful in the class room. For example the VARK method from Neil Flemings (1987) theory, this shows that learners can take information in, in different ways.
The 1960s was a period well remembered for all the civil rights movements that occurred during that time frame and the impact these movements had on the social and political dynamics of the United States. The three largest movements that were striving in the 1960s were the African American civil rights movement, the New Left movement and the feminist movement. These three movements were in a lot of ways influenced by each other and were very similar in terms of their goals and strategies. However, within each of these movements there were divisions in the way they tried to approach the issues they were fighting against. Looking at each of these movements individually will reveal the relationship they all share as well as the changes that were brought forth as a result of each groups actions.
In book one of the metamorphoses, Ovid talks of artists, and how art can be used to create and transform. Metamorphoses means transformation or change, so in one word, Ovid’s title tells the reader what is to come. Ovid uses art in the Metamorphoses to prove a point. To show how strong the human spirit is, or to teach you to watch what you say, because you never know who is around. The story of Arachne displays a great example of watching what you say. Minerva hears Arachne saying that she is the greatest weaver, and Minerva sets out to prove her wrong. With Daedalus and Icarus, Daedalus uses his art to try and find an escape for him and his son. Showing just how strong he is and how much he cares for his son. For Pygmalion, his art shows the power of his love and how much he wants to find the proper woman for himself.
The Colonial Period (1607-1775) was essentially the first literary movement in America. The ideas portrayed within the period were expressed with two main styles of writing; Puritan and Classical. The puritan style was heavily influenced by God and the puritan's way of life. It was often short and too the point, and referred to ordinary things. The Classical Style was usually used to express analysis, theory, and practice. This style was delivered in a way that it would influence the audience. "Huswifery", by Edward Taylor offers a great example of the use of the Puritan style. He used a spinning wheel, and ordinary object, to compare his relationship to God. He tried to compare his feelings in an ordinary way that followed the puritan style, just like Anne Bradstreet in "To My Dear and Loving Husband". She used multiple metaphors to help explain how great her love was for her husband. Although emotion is not favored in the Puritan style, she vented them through her poetry. In the Classical style of writing, giving sermons was a common way of presenting information to people; and Jonathan Edwards is a great example. His sermons were direct and persuasive because he used literary devices that created images in the audience's heads. All of these stories helped to get people to start worshipping God again, thus giving the creation of the Colonial Period in America.
In the essay, The Baby Boom and the Age of the Subdivision, author Kenneth Jackson tells about the changes in the nation after World War II ended, and there was a spike in baby births. He talks about the creation of the Levittown suburbs to accommodate families in need of housing because of this. While the new rise of suburbs created a new kind of community and family, it also proved to have a changing effect on inner city areas and certain people.
Although there are many factors that affect the development of the fetus, research on the specific effects of prenatal maternal stress and the resulting negative outcomes for the development of the fetus will be reviewed. While there is knowledge of these harmful effects in scientific and medical communities, researchers are still in the midst of discovering the results of these negative effects on human development. An overall review of the literature suggests that this topic is still relatively new in research as most of the articles make note that despite the amount of current research studies, there are still many unanswered questions.
Prenatal brain development is not usually the first topic on a pregnant woman’s mind, if it crosses her mind at all! Many women do not know what adverse effects certain circumstances can have on a child’s development. The most obvious deterrent of brain development would be a physical injury to the child. If any portion of the child’s brain is damaged during pregnancy, the effects will almost certainly be long term. Most pregnant women successfully take the necessary steps to avoid physically damaging the child’s brain. Perhaps even scarier is the thought that continuous exposure to stress can also permanently damage the brain development of a child that has yet to be born. The US National Library of Medicine states that in humans and animals, prolonged exposure to stress that can be controlled by the mother may result in abnormal behavioral, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes. It is important for mothers to remember that they are no longer taking care of only themselves. Though unborn, there is a lot of damage that can be ...
Antisocial personality disorder is a personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for a violation of other people’s rights. Explanations of antisocial personality disorder come from the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological models. As with many other personality disorders, psychodynamic theorists propose that this disorder starts with an absence of parental love during infancy leading to a lack of basic trust. In this view, the children that develop this disorder respond to early inadequacies by becoming emotionally distant, and they bond with others through use of power and destructiveness. Behavioral theorists have suggested that antisocial symptoms may be learned through modeling, or imitation. As evidence, they point to the higher rate of antisocial personality disorder found among the parents of people with this disorder. Other behaviorists suggest that some parent’s unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by regularly awarding a child’s aggressive behavior. The cognitive view says that people with this disorder hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs. Cognitive theorists also believe that these people have a genuine difficulty recognizing a point of view other than their own. Finally studies show that biological factors may play an important role in developing antisocial disorder. Researchers have found that antisocial people, particularly those with high impulse and aggression, display lower serotonin activity and has been linked this same activity with other studies as well.
There are many factors that affect development. Some of those are factor, which have a direct bearing on prenatal life, later on manifest postnatal. The human body is a highly organized system with trillion of cells communicating with each other to ensure proper functioning. However those functions, can be enhance or impaired by endogenous or exogenous agent, which act in concert to produce effects during prenatal life. These effects might have consequences on emotional and cognitive development of a child postnatal. Deena Palenchar (2005) stated that there are environmental agents, which can adversely affect the prenatal development. These agents are known as teratogen. When exposed to these environmental agents, genetic materials interact with them producing effects that can have direct bearing o the rearing of the child. On the other hand, there is stress. Stress is a normal occurrence in everyone’s life, and it management depends on each individual (Sleigh, 2005). Just like teratogen, stress can affect the fetus development with mild or serious consequences during childhood and adulthood. Both teratogen in this case smoking and stress can adversely affect the fetus by producing Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors and cortisol respectively, which have a great impact on the prenatal and postnatal development.
During this experiment, it shows that stress do have an effect on pregnancy. It can cause little to no or life threatening harm to the mother and the fetus. Everyone stresses, it's not something only pregnant people get. Pregnancy is a period or milestone that is a big change. Your mind, body, soul, and life are changing. These changes may be a rude awakening, but they can add new stresses and drama to your life. (Health & Pregnancy 1)
Nelle Harper Lee has left her mark on today’s society by writing one of the most influential books, To Kill a Mockingbird. However, many have wondered what the purpose Harper Lee had in mind. There can be many reasons, the extent of racism in the 1930’s seems to be a perfect fit. Especially, for when this book was published, which was in the early 1960’s; during the time of the civil rights movement. Harper Lee, seems to show that she is trying to prove that black people aren't all that bad. She shows this through many characters like Calpurnia, Tom Robinson, and Mr. Dolphus Raymond.
This essay covers information over the course of prenatal development. I will also discuss teratology and hazards to the prenatal development, those such as, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and opioids. Additionally, I will discuss how maternal factors such as maternal diet and nutrition, maternal age, emotional states and stress, and paternal factors, may influence prenatal development.
The term “stress” has multiple meanings. As Richard Lazarus stated in his 1966 book “Psycho...