Exposure to Trauma: PTSD
analytical Essay
1515 words
Bad things happen for everyone. However, describing a psychological or mental health response following exposure to a traumatic event as a single, universal mechanism has turned out to be unachievable goal since there is no single response to it. Moreover, it is apparent that there are individual differences in resilience and risk factors that play a crucial role in response to potentially traumatic event and prevent a description of a response to an event that would affect people uniformly. During the course of a normal life span, most people at different times in their lives are confronted with the adverse events such as the death of a close friend or relative (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). However, the argument that exposure to traumatic event can always result in mental health problems has become controversial because it can stigmatize those who do not believe they have been affected in an adverse manner. Fortunately, only a small percentage of people experience severe enough lose or trauma reactions to meet the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), and most people appear to fully recover from any adverse effect within a relatively short period of time, and to successfully overcome potentially traumatic events with little or no disruption in their normal ability to function (Shalev, 2002). Therefore, it is important to note that “the emergence of interest in the concept of resilience comes at the peak of success of the concept of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), serving as a reminder that there is a wide range of possible responses to the same objective event” (Bonanno, Galea, Bucciarelli, & Vlahov, 2007). At the same time, research on the nature of ind... ... middle of paper ... ... Events and PTSD Prevalence Using DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress October 2013, 26, 537–547 Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., & Stroebe, W. ( 1993). Contemporary themes and controversies in bereavement research. In M. S.Stroebe, W.Stroebe, & R. O.Hansson ( Eds.) , Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 457– 476). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Ozer EJ., Best SR., Lipsey TL., Weiss DS. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 129:52-73. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. ( 2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748– 766. Rutter M. 1987. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry 57:316–331.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that describing a psychological or mental health response following exposure to traumatic events as one universal mechanism has turned out to be unachievable goal since there is no single response to it.
- Argues that the argument that exposure to traumatic events can always result in mental health problems has become controversial because it stigmatizes those who do not believe they have been affected in an adverse manner.
- Explains that the study of the influence of individual differences on ptsd has helped them understand a word, resilience.
- Explains that posttraumatic stress disorder is followed by a sudden, dangerous, and overwhelming life event.
- Explains that ptsd prevalence may vary according to the diagnostic criteria used to define the disorder, but recent empirical research indicates resilience actually reveals the most frequently observed outcomes.
- Explains that the trauma literature is dominated by studies of ptsd and its treatment, so little was known about the factors that might foster or suppress resilience due to lack of extensive studies on resilience.
- Argues that resilient factors can be considered the converse of risk factors. they observe unique associations between factors and resilient outcomes and various results depending on different settings.
- Explains rutter's argument that resilience is more than just the flip side of risk factors, but rather represents qualities encompassing process and mechanism that confer protection.
- Explains that trauma represents a subjective response to ptes, which is shaped by one's view, perception, or interpretation of the event.
- Describes optimism as the tendency to have positive expectancies about the future. most optimistic individuals attribute negative events to temporary, specific, and external causes. they exhibit lower levels of depressive symptoms and better physical wellbeing.
- Explains that there are possible disadvantages of a generalized expectation tendency of positive outcomes.
- Cites kessler, sonnega, bromet, hughes, m., & nelson, c. b. (2000). diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.
- Explains that bonanno, galea, bucciarelli, and vlahov predict psychological resilience after disaster.
- Explains that bonanno, papa, and o'neill, have underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events.
- Explains kilpatrick, resnick, milanak, miller, keyes, k.m., and friedman, m.j.'s findings in the journal of traumatic stress.
- Explains stroebe, w., hansson, r. o. & stronebe. contemporary themes and controversies in bereavement research.
- Cites ozer ej, best sr, lipsey tl, weiss ds, brewin, c. r, andrews, b, & valentine, j. d.
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- Overview of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)analytical essayOverview of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Description and History Trauma and stress has been a part of the human condition since we evolved as a species. A “fight-or-flight” response to trauma and stress is a healthy reaction that is meant to protect us from danger. Whether from a saber tooth tiger attack, combat, or a terrorist attack, such events will certainly produce similar psychological effects. However individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may continue to feel tormented when they are no longer in danger. PTSD is not a new concept and we can see indication of this disorder as far back as The Bible (the Book of Job), the Mahabharata, Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that trauma and stress have been part of the human condition since we evolved as a species. however, individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder may continue to feel tormented when they are no longer in danger.
- Explains that the apa added ptsd to the third edition of its diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-iii).
- Analyzes how max klein survived a plane crash that killed almost everyone on board, including his friend and business partner. he disassociated his fears and encapsulated them in an unconscious compartment.
- Recommends this film as an example of ptsd, but not necessarily as a “must watch.”
- Explains that the dsm-v was revised to the diagnostic criteria of ptsd. the criterion requires being explicit as to whether qualifying traumatic events were directly, witnessed, or experienced indirectly.
- Explains that up to 92% of people with ptsd also have another psychological disorder, such as depression, other anxiety disorders, or substance abuse.
- Explains that ptsd runs in families, and genetics play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. the concordance rate is twice as high for monozygotic twins.
- Explains that ptsd is associated with the depletion of serotonin in the neural synapses. medications such as prozac, luvox, and zoloft are the choice for anxiety disorders.
- Opines that the film did a great job of portraying ptsd, stating that it is misleading to portray an ‘off switch’ cure.
- Analyzes how the moments that held the most impact were when max spoke about his death or already being dead.
- Explains balibey, hakan, and adem balikci's "travma sonras stres bozukluu tanl hastada göz hareketleri le
- Explains the history of post-traumatic stress disorder in the british journal of psychiatry.
1821 wordsRead More - The Red Convertible by Louise Erdrichanalytical essayBoone, Katherine. "The Paradox of PTSD." Wilson Quarterly. 35.4 (2011): 18-22. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ptsd, also known as post-traumatic stress disorder, can cause change and bring about pain and stress in many different forms to the victims' families.
- Analyzes how the red convertible symbolizes the strong bond that was once held between the brothers.
- Analyzes how the journal, who develops post-traumatic stress disorder, states how people are diagnosed and what causes ptsd.
- Analyzes how the family suffered through henry's ptsd. the family couldn't go to the doctors because the mother had an affair with the doctor.
- Analyzes how the car symbolized the change of henry's relationship with his brother, but lyman didn't.
- Analyzes how lyman gives a clear description of how henry suffered through the issues that he had gone through.
- Analyzes how the red convertible symbolizes the brotherhood of the two brothers. ptsd caused them to emotionally separate, but they still loved each other and this love is the highest value of their life.
1064 wordsRead More - Impact Of Trauma And PTSDcomparative essayImpact of Trauma and PTSD There are two types of trauma that lead to PTSD symptoms among young people. One is exposure to a sudden, one-time event whereas the other is the result of exposure of repeated events. No matter what the “cause” was the condition in childhood and adolescence can effect normal development which can disrupt the acquisition of the skills necessary for a child to become self-sufficient. Because brain development occurs fairly rapidly if a trauma is experiences parts of the brain may slow or stop in their development process. This paper will discuss how to recognize and treat PTSD, limitations of treatment options, treatment options, training for professionals, and ethnic differences.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the variety and complexity of children's reactions to traumatic events and how reactions unfold over time.
- Describes the benefits of evidence-based treatment for children and families and explains which type of treatment is optimal for different individuals or groups.
- Explains that hamblem and barnet (2014) discussed events that can cause ptsd in children, including sexual abuse or violence, physical abuse, and witnessing violence.
- Explains that there are two types of trauma that lead to ptsd symptoms among young people.
- Concludes that ptsd is increasingly recognized to be a prevalent and disabling disorder in children and adolescents and there are some advances in learning to recognize the risk factors and pathogenesis.
1016 wordsRead More - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderexplanatory essaySchiraldi, G. R. (2009). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
In this essay, the author
- Explains post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as 'ptsd', as an anxiety disorder in which a person has in the past experienced stressful events such as war, rape or physical and emotional abuse.
- Explains that ptsd patients must exhibit three types of symptoms: re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and hypervigilance.
- Explains the different types of therapy used to treat ptsd, such as group therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy and guided imagery.
- Explains that ptsd symptoms may last several months to many years. emphasis on safety, support from family and peers, psychotherapy, medication to help with anxiety or depression can all help reduce the symptoms.
- Reports that 7.7 million adults suffer from ptsd, and twice as many women than men are afflicted. studies have shown that children are more prone to develop post-traumatic stress disorder due to their brain not being fully developed.
- Explains that the cognitive-behavioral theory analyzes negative feelings and instructs the individual involved in the event to look at the situation from a different perspective and change their negative thoughts into positive thoughts.
- Explains how group therapy would help irene regain her normal life. guided imagery could help her express her fears and improve her coping skills. exposure therapy exposes her to the same trauma.
- Describes the miami counseling & resource group as a full-service mental health treatment center providing psychological services and therapy to children, teenagers, and adults.
- Describes therapeutic oasis of the palm beaches as an out/inpatient facility with a wide range of programs and resources aimed to help irene with her current situations.
- Describes the psychological services center as a high-quality service that would address and assist irene’s problems.
- Refers to the american psychiatric association's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: dsm-5.
1602 wordsRead More - PTSD: The Pandemic Affecting Soldiersexplanatory essayI believe Steven E Ambrose, author of Band of Brothers, said it best when he wrote “We know how to win wars. We must learn now to win peace...” It’s the same with the soldiers all over the world that are returning from war. Due to the issues they return with, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, they aren’t able to re-assimilate with society and become social outcasts. We train these soldiers as if we are building robots in a factory and once they get the stamp of approval they’re sent overseas to fight. But with the tragic things they witness while over there fighting, it causes them to return home defective and once that happens we give up on them rather than helping them as if we are just tossing them away in the scrap bin like robots. They fought for us so why shouldn’t we fight for them? My approach for this paper is going to be a bit unorthodox. I figured rather than just focusing on PTSD in the modern era, I would make it an important part to also include the historical aspects of PTSD such as Shell Shock.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that steven e ambrose, author of band of brothers, said it best when he wrote, "we know how to win wars. we must learn now to win peace."
- Explains the origins of the term "shell shock" — it was created in 1915 by charles myers to describe soldiers suffering from involuntary shivering, crying, fearfulness, and constant intrusion of memory.
- Explains that shell shock, or "soldier's heart," had become a serious medical and military problem during wwi. the british army called in doctor charles s. myers as consulting psychologist to the british expeditionary force.
- Explains that post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) can occur from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings and natural disasters.
- Opines that funding should be provided to the va hospitals to help veterans with ptsd, as suicide rates for veterans are staggering.
- States that epstein, jack, and johnny miller, "u.s. wars and post-traumatic stress disorder." sfgate. san francisco gate, 22 june 2005.
1051 wordsRead More - Military: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderexplanatory essaySharpless, B. A., & Barber, J. P. (2011). A clinician's guide to PTSD treatments for returning
In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of this study, which is to identify the reasons troops suffer from ptsd and the methods the military, va, and community-based treatment facilities are using to diminish the effects.
- Explains the purpose of this study, which is to identify the reasons troops suffer from ptsd and the methods the military, va, and community-based treatment facilities are using to diminish the effects.
- Describes cesur, sabia, j.j., tekin, e. the psychological costs of war: military combat and summary
- Explains sharpless, b. a., and barber, j. p. (2011), a clinician's guide to ptsd treatments for returning.
- Explains that military troops suffer from ptsd due to traumatic exposure during combat and sexual assault.
- Explains that the military, va, and community-based treatment facilities are using psychopharmacology and psychotherapy to help troops with ptsd.
1335 wordsRead More - Resilience Training Measuresexplanatory essayThe National Center of PTSD shows that there are several different types of measures used for screening, and evaluating PTSD or resilience training effectiveness. However, there is no meta-analysis of these measures that shows which measure is more preferred than the others for evaluating resilience training effectiveness (Windle, Bennett, Noyes, 2011).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that clinicians or researchers diagnose and measure ptsd symptoms to understand and validate the depth of the symptoms of patients or participants. the resilience training measures show the improvement in person with
- Opines that there is no meta-analysis of these measures that shows which measure is preferred for evaluating resilience training effectiveness.
- Explains that the national center for ptsd uses the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition (dsm-5) for creating its measures.
205 wordsRead More - Trauma Paperexplanatory essayIn Principles of Trauma Therapy and Treatment, Briere & Scott (2015) listed several trauma characteristics that affect post-traumatic outcome ranging from intentional act of violence (abuse) to combat exposure. The characteristics of Unpredictability and Uncontrollability possess the biggest impacts on the outcome of post-traumatic stress. The fear of the unknown causes anxiety and helplessness resulting in depression because of one’s inability to control their emotion or current situations. Trauma affects everyone emotional and psychological state differently altering an individual developmental or resilience process. As a proud member of the United States Arm Forces, many would assume that the extent of combat expose and involvement in killing other would be my choice; however, it falls second to
In this essay, the author
- Defines trauma as physical injury to the body or a deep distressing psychological experience that affects one’s healthy growth and development.
- Explains that unpredictability and uncontrollability have the biggest impacts on the outcome of post-traumatic stress.
510 wordsRead More - Posttraumatic Stress Disorderexplanatory essayPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a very serious and debilitating condition that occurs after a person has been exposed to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical danger happened or was threatened. The kinds of traumatic events triggering PTSD in people include violent personal assaults (rape, mugging), natural disasters (hurricanes, tornadoes), man-made disasters (bombings), accidents or military combat. People who suffer from PTSD often relive the experience through nightmares and flashbacks, have difficulty sleeping, and feel detached or estranged, and these symptoms can be severe enough and last long enough to significantly impair a person’s daily life. PTSD is a complicated illness by the act that it frequently occurs in conjunction with related disorders such as depression, substance abuse, problems of memory and cognition, and other problems of physical and mental health. PTSD is not a new disorder.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the stressor criterion, intrusive recollection, avoidant/numbing, hyper-arousal, duration, and functional significance of ptsd.
- Explains the many therapeutic approaches offered to ptsd patients in foa, keane, and freidman's book on treatment.
- Explains that posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is a serious and debilitating condition that occurs after exposure to traumatic events.
- Explains that exposure therapy is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that is unique to trauma treatment.
- Explains that lifetime events and posttraumatic stress disorder in 4 postconflict settings are evidence for diagnostic validity and methods of psychological assessment.
1272 wordsRead More - Today’s Soldier: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorderopinion essayAlthough the behavioral and psychological symptoms along with the degrees of severity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder may dif...
In this essay, the author
- Explains the behavioral and psychological symptoms and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder. soldiers with ptsd may develop short-term and/or long-lasting mental health problems.
- Explains that the va began offering medical and mental health services to female veterans in 1988 due to a policy favoring soldiers who served in combat.
- Opines that the army's most effective suicide prevention strategy would be to make its troops suicide-resistant rather than trying to intervene once soldiers have decided to kill themselves.
- Explains that post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is an emotional illness classified as an anxiety disorder. it is hard to diagnose and can affect a soldier in many ways.
- Opines that early detection and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder can have a positive effect.
- Opines that the u.s. army is losing its war on suicide.
1584 wordsRead More