Open Ended Investigation: Part A
Why do we need to monitor ions used in society, what evidence proves that we need to?
What are Heavy Metal Ions and why do we need to monitor them?
The term Heavy metal is used to describe any metallic chemical element that has a high density and is toxic/poisonous at low concentrations. Some examples of heavy metals are Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium, Thallium and Lead (Pb). Analytical and Environmental chemists need to monitor Heavy Metal Ions as they are dangerous to living things and the environment.
Figure 1: A sample of Cadmium Metal
Lead as a Heavy Metal Ion:
There are many reasons as to why Analytical and Environmental chemists need to monitor Heavy Metal Ions used in society. Heavy Metal
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The device works off the amount of radiation absorbed by the element of interest. This is done by reading the spectra of light produced when the sample element is excited by radiation. Atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and as a result of this they transition to higher energy levels. The Atomic absorption method allows for the measure of energy in the form of photons of light that are absorbed by the sample. A detector measures the wavelengths of light (these wavelengths are transmitted by the sample), and then compares them to the original wavelengths that passed through the sample. The next step is where a signal processor integrates these changes in the wavelength it has absorbed, this appears in the readout as peaks of energy absorption at discrete wavelengths. The amount of energy required for an electron to leave an atom is known as Ionization energy. If an electron moves from one energy level to another energy level within the atom, a photon is emitted with energy(E). Every single element and its atoms emit a spectral line that is unique to that element only. Also, every atom that makes up an element has its own distinctive pattern of wavelengths at which it will absorb energy (This is due to the unique configuration of electrons in the atom). This property allows for the qualitative analysis of a sample. Finally, the concentration of the specific …show more content…
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The mass spectrometry detector can be used to identify any species that is an ion or can form ions or identify species based on unique fragmentation patterns. The mass spectrum produces peaks based on the abundance of ions that have a specific mass-to-charge ratio. The majors peaks that are produced are identified using a library of spectra compiled from standards.
...the mass spectrometer. This is called an electron impact source. Gases and volatile liquid samples are allowed to leak into the ion source from a reservoir. Non-volatile solids and liquids may be introduced directly. Cations formed by the electron bombardment (red dots) are pushed away by a charged repeller plate (anions are attracted to it), and accelerated toward other electrodes, having slits through which the ions pass as a beam. Some of these ions fragment into smaller cations and neutral fragments. A perpendicular magnetic field deflects the ion beam in an arc whose radius is inversely proportional to the mass of each ion. Lighter ions are deflected more than heavier ions. By varying the strength of the magnetic field, ions of different mass can be focused progressively on a detector fixed at the end of a curved tube. Because the mass of each individual ion
Lanthanum (La) is a member of the rare earth elements (REEs), which consist of a group of 15 trivalent metallic elements with similar properties. Lanthanum is mostly dangerous in the working environment, due to the fact that damps and gasses can be inhaled with air. This can cause lung embolism, especially during long-term exposure. Lanthanum can also cause cancer with humans, as it enlarges the chances of lung cancer when it is inhaled. Finally, it can be a threat to the liver when it accumulates in the human body.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique used to identify the presence and concentration of substances by analyzing the spectrum produced when the substance is vaporized and absorbs certain frequencies of light. In atomic absorption spectroscopy, the sample is decomposed into atoms by a source of heat, such as a flame. The flame not only atomizes the sample, but also gets rid of the solvent used to dissolve the compound so we can analyze only the desired atoms. The concentration of atoms in the vapor is measured by the absorption o...
Heavy metals are characteristic parts of the Earth's covering. They can't be debased or destroyed. To a little degree they enter our body by means of drinking water, food and air. As follow components, some substantial metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are crucial to look after the metabolism of the human body. At higher concentrations they can accelerate poisoning. Devastating poisoning of metals arise from drinking-water pollution (e.g. lead channels), high surrounding air fixations close to emission sources, or through food chain.
Lead compounds have been released into the atmosphere for many years, which rested into the soils. In this lab, the amount of lead in the contaminated soil will be determined using stoichiometry. The five objectives include: comparing the amount of lead in the contaminated soil with researched information; calculating the amount of lead (II) nitrate present in the contaminated soil; calculating the amount of lead present in the original contaminated sample; filtering out the solid precipitate; and measuring the actual yield of lead (II) nitrate, percent composition of lead, percent error in producing lead (II) nitrate, predicting the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of lead iodide. In order to complete the objectives, the sand and the
Water is essential in our everyday life. Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals utilize water to survive. Therefore it is vital that there be clean water for our communities to utilize to survive as a whole. Unfortunately because of different determinants our source of water are not always safe to use. We happen to have to deal with contamination of drinking water. Contamination of fresh water used for household needs, including pollution of oceans, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. There are categories of the different contaminants that exist such as Physical contaminants, Chemical contaminants, Biological contaminants, and radiological contaminants ("Types of Drinking Water Contaminants | Drinking Water
Our presentation from a chemist comes from Tim Storr, who completed a B.Sc at the University of Victoria before moving on to a Ph.D at UBC, and then became a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford. He is currently an associate professor at SFU, and teaches courses such as 1st year chemistry. His main area of research is medicinal inorganic chemistry, which has him researching and classifying drugs and treatment methods that target metal ions. Dr. Storr’s research includes areas such as: determining the connection between diseases and certain peptides/proteins, identifying metal ions that effectively suppress cancerous growths, and studying radiopharmaceuticals which are radioactive compounds that, once injected into the body, allow an MRI machine
The technology that I have selected to discuss is handheld radiological monitoring. There are several new equipment models being marketed. One of the most recognizable and well-respected names in radiological monitoring is Canberra. One of Canberra’s latest offerings for handheld devices is the Radiagem™ 4000. The device provides the capability of monitoring dose rates and contamination levels. There are a variety of probes available for use with the meter itself. The unit is waterproof and lightweight.
Heavy metals are quite stable. Entering the ponds, they are included in the cycling of
The metal and the dioxide of lead are used in many types of batteries. Lead used to be found in ammunition, but is no longer used in ammunition today because lead bullets actually burst upon contact instead of go through the intended target. Therefore, people struck by these bullets get lead poisoning and suffer rather than them dying from impact or giving them the chance to fully recover. In addition, lead bullets are harmful to the environment. Lead was also used for plumbing purposes; especially in the roman times. It is also used to contain hazardous liquids due to its resistance to corrosion. Lead used to be used for an insolation for cables. This element was a key ingredient in pesticides which means it was consumed by humans before they found the alternative ingredient. Lead was used in many alloys and is actually still used today. Solder is an alloy composed of tin and lead. Most alloys contain 60% tin and 40%; on the other hand, plumbing materials use more lead. Plumber’s solder consists of a 50/50 composition of lead and
Lead is considered to be a toxic heavy metal. It occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust. However, it tends to combine with other elements to form lead compounds. (Registry, 2011). Moreover, it has no known function in the body and with excess accumulation, either acute or chronic, will cause a wide array of metabolic dysfunctions by interfering with normal metabolic functions (Analytical Research Laboratories, 2012). From a historical standpoint, most human beings if not all have accumulated some lead in their bodies over the course of their daily lives. In extreme cases, that is, when there is too much lead in the body it is known to cause lead poisoning. In order to fully understand this phenomenon, one must first acknowledge; how lead enters the body, how it is distributed, and how and if it is eliminated.
of a substance that it is exposed to. Ionizing radiation is the portion of the electromagnetic
Since the understanding of the atom technology has gone from the cathode ray tube to the invention of television. From then the cathode ray tub has been used in monitors of all sorts. Including the one you're viewing this on now. From this X-rays were discovered, X-ray telescopes, X-ray machines, ct scanner, crystallography, which led to the understanding of DNA.
As a result of this process, the mine sites "do not develop normal soil structure or support the establishment of a plant cover". Many mine sites have...