The four paradigms have been grouped further into to two paradigms, the expert paradigm and the non-expert paradigm. The two research paradigms are discussed below.
2.2.1 Expert Evaluation Paradigm
The expert evaluation paradigm is a professionally based evaluation of aesthetic quality. It refers to assessment techniques that rely on skilled experts to perform the evaluation. This follows on the assumption that visual perception is an emotional, subjective reaction on the part of the general public and there is need to engage professionals in order to obtain more objective and reliable assessment Zube et al., (1982).
The paradigm has its origin in two general intellectual traditions (i) Fine arts and design and (ii) ecology and resource management. In fine art and design, expert evaluation is carried out using formal elements of design such as line, form, colour and texture and their interrelationships (Daniel and Vining,1983). Assessment relies on physical elements because the conceptual basis is derived from fine art and architectural theories (Maulan, 2006). Lothian (1999) suggested that the expert paradigm can also be referred to as objective model for it uses account of the physical properties of a perceived environment to make judgment of aesthetic quality (Daniel, 2001). The proposed study will borrow from this approach the principles of harmony to be used in objective evaluation by professionals in assessing the commercial signage scenes.
2.2.2 Non-expert Evaluation Paradigm
In contrast to the expert evaluation paradigm, the non-expert evaluation paradigm relies on the general public or a special interest group to evaluate a visual environment rather than experts. Lothian (1999) argues that non-expert paradigm can be ref...
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...itudes may involve perception, which relates to feelings stimulated by physical characteristics of billboards and requiring little or no cognition or mental activity. Evaluation may also arise from the content meaning of the form. This requires mental activity to recognize content, draw inferences and evaluate and is referred to as cognition. This means that we evaluate our environment through the lenses of cognition and perception (figure 2.2) below. Because each individual has unique experiences, the evaluation of commercial signage will vary across observers. However, because of shared physical reality, physiology, and culture the proposed study expects to produce areas of common agreement (Michelson, 1976). Among various observers the evaluation that represents a consensus among significant number of individuals is important for purposes of design and planning.
I did not find myself strongly sided with any of the four paradigms. I felt that findings from any of the paradigms could provide beneficial information in different areas of education research. Constructivist researchers focus on understanding the people and the world they are studying; transformative researchers focus their work on people facing social oppression; while pragmatic researchers use both quantitative and qualitative methods to research the questions they want answered.
Though most works of art have some underlying, deeper meaning attached to them, our first impression of their significance comes through our initial visual interpretation. When we first view a painting or a statue or other piece of art, we notice first the visual details – its size, its medium, its color, and its condition, for example – before we begin to ponder its greater significance. Indeed, these visual clues are just as important as any other interpretation or meaning of a work, for they allow us to understand just what that deeper meaning is. The expression on a statue’s face tells us the emotion and message that the artist is trying to convey. Its color, too, can provide clues: darker or lighter colors can play a role in how we judge a piece of art. The type of lines used in a piece can send different messages. A sculpture, for example, may have been carved with hard, rough lines or it may have been carved with smoother, more flowing lines that portray a kind of gentleness.
Based on the preceding ontological and epistemological assumptions a researcher then makes methodological assumptions. Having decided on exactly what is to be studied the researcher then decides how the research can best be managed thus formulating a plan of action. Considerations include whether the research used should be primary or secondary. Whether one will test an existing hypothesis or whether one will construct a theory after having collated evidence. Finally one can draw conclusions as to which strategy to implement with the ultimate goal of producing the type of knowledge that is required. This then results in the type of method or methods of research to be used.
Martin Lindstrom, a global branding expert (one who travels the world studying, researching, and applying marketing techniques to improve the sales of a product), writes an informative book about the techniques of marketing, and new innovative research in the field of Nueromarketing. Thus Martin Lindstroms’ main objective addressed throughout this book, with the use of personal studies, is to condense corporate spending towards a more efficient marketing tool besides the current failing one. His research involves the use of an fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and the SST (Steady State Topography); as well as other machines mentioned later in this review. An SST, Lindstrom explains, analyzes brain areas approximately one millimeter in diameter, marked by oxygenation of brain cells via hemoglobin transport. Lindstrom reapplies the use of the fMRI and SST combination tests to analyze how people “think” when they see advertising. This, as well as other objectives, is explained in further detail later in this review.
One of the key elements of marketing is the ability to predict consumer behavior. Marketers understand that consumers behave in predictable ways. In this regard, many businesses use physical design to influence the behavior of their potential consumers. It is important to note that this approach is not limited to physical stores. Online marketers also use the same principles in web design to influence the behavior of consumers. This paper explores how Sport Chek uses the physical design of its premises to influence the behavior of its customers. The goal of the paper is to identify how Sport Chek uses its internal and externa...
Simply put, a paradigm has two characteristics. First, it is the theoretical background knowledge that is generally accepted by competent scientists in a given field. Second, it is used to solved puzzles, or research problems. A paradigm is the backbone behind theories, through which we can reflect how good a theory is. Theories and methods of looking at reality are paradigms. Kuhn sees paradigms as basic and incontrovertible assumptions about the nature of the discipline (Kuhn, 1996). Paradigms are frames of reference we use to organize our observations and reasoning. Generally speaking, a paradigm encompasses theories, and an effective paradigm will bring forth an effective theory. Therefore, it is safe to say by examining a paradigm, we can understand the organization of the theory guided by that paradigm. Paradigms gain their status because they are more successful than their competitors in solving a few problems that the group of practitioners has come to recognize as acute. For Kuhn, a paradigm can be competent if it’s accurate, consistent, simple, and fruitful. At the same time, he also states that even a competent paradigm can be replaced by a new one when science revol...
Tellis, Gerard J., and Tim Ambler. The Sage Handbook of Advertising. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2007. Print.
Aesthetics is the theoretical study of the arts and related types of behavior and experience. It is traditionally regarded as a branch of philosophy, concerned with the understanding of beauty and its manifestations in art and nature. However, in the latter 20th century there developed a tendency to treat it as an independent science, concerned with investigating the phenomena of art and its place in human life. Yet, what in a field with a hazy line in between being classified as a science or study of beliefs is considered data for determining what can be studied? It can simply be drawn to the only three things involved in the process of art : The creator, the person experiencing, and the art itself.
This is the Summary of literature published in the field of visual merchandising specially to understand its theoretical aspects. It tries to explain how Visual Merchandising position and distinguishes the firm from the competitors and works towards customer satisfaction by meeting their aesthetic needs The review of literature includes research papers, professional journal articles, views of different visual merchandisers and views of different authors. It also deals with Role of visual merchandiser. It also covers important elements of visual merchandising which position and distinguishes the firm from the competitors
This is why designers, theoretically, must be more considerate of the five senses when designing a new product. Research indicates that consumers maintain emotional and irrational responses which influence the purchasing process, thus making experience a fundamental aspect of product design and development (Schmitt 1999). Emotional connections to a product can be constructed through the direct effort to appeal to the senses (Hulten 2011). Research further indicates that consumer behaviour is directly affected by designers capable of influencing consumer emotions and memories (Krishna
Interior design is one of the most important professions. When thinking of design and architecture industry, it is necessary to keep in mind that the professionals emphasis on matters of everyday life when commencing a project. Important sectors of interior design consist of: residential, commercial, hospitality, healthcare, education and corporate designs. Thus, the field deals with numerous factors and affects almost everyone in some way. Design is goal-oriented– it strives to achieve a certain purpose. An essential goal of interior design is to create functional spaces that convey a specific mood for an audience using design elements, thus outlining a design for communities versus individuals.
This usually entails the manipulation of texture, proportion and the setting pleasant utilization of sunshine with the intention to realize symmetry, harmony and an accurate equilibrium in complete human life. The essential ideas of good design are pure and to an enormous extent innate. When analyzing the universal properties of sunshine, house, colour and supplies, the inside designer appears to be like at the interplay of the natural legal tips that govern them. The precise design of a room works not only on the customarily ignored senses of odor and listening to but additionally on the emotions. Coloration schemes are selected to copy the mood of a room. Understanding how every side of a design contributes to a common look and feel of a room or area constantly takes precise experience and each architects and designers manipulate these to good
The most significant feature of an investigative study is the precision and simplicity of the investigative problem. For a brief assertion, it definitely has a great deal of influence on the study. The statement of the problem is the central position of the study. The problem statement should affirm what will be studied, whether the study will be completed by means of experimental or non-experimental analysis, and what the reason and function of the results will bring. As an element of the opening, profound problem declarations satisfies the query of why the study should to be performed. The reason of this essay is to discuss the features of an investigative problem; in addition, the essay will center on what constitutes a researchable problem; the components of a well formed Statement of Research Problem; and, what constitutes a reasonable theoretical framework for the need of a study.
In conclusion, sense perception has been evaluated as a way of knowing in the areas of the Arts and Natural Sciences and it is evidently an essential form of gaining knowledge despite its weaknesses. The tendency for our senses and perception to be biased and subjective as a form of weakness in the Arts, as it is open to misinterpretation of the artist’s intent, can also be looked upon as a strength instead. For the Arts can only thrive where there is individual thought when perceiving and creating art. Additionally, sense perception is able to overcome its limitations and restrictions since it is actively sensing, sorting, and interpreting information, allowing discoveries to be made when otherwise thought impossible in the Natural Sciences. Therefore, though the strengths of sense perception are limited, they prevail over its weaknesses.
The elements of visual merchandising should comprise the artistic bend that should completely define the orderliness of the store. Every optical dispensary of the store should benefit from these elements from good visual merchandising. The store should develop an imitable ‘visual sense’ through these elements.