Experimenter Expectancy Effect On Children in a Classroom Setting
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1966) sought to test the experimenter expectancy effect by examining how much of an outcome teachers' expectancies could have on a group of children. Earlier investigations in this area were also conducted by
Rosenthal (1963). He worked with children in a research lab, giving each one a rat and telling them it was either bred for intelligence or for dullness. The children were put in charge of teaching the rats how to learn mazes.
Rosenthal's results showed that the rats that were believed by the students to be smart, were able to learn the mazes much quicker. What the children did not know, i.e., what Rosenthal had kept hidden, was that the rats were chosen at random. There were no rats that were especially bright or dull. Another case of the experimenter expectancy effect was that of the horse known as “Clever
Hans”. It seemed to be able to read, spell, and solve math problems by kicking his leg a number of times. The horse was tested and passed, but what the experts did not realize was that their own hopes for the horse to answer the questions, were giving the horse signs on which he based his answers. That is, if someone on the committee raised his/her eyebrows in anticipation of the oncoming correct answer, the horse would stop stomping. Once again, the experimenter's cues decided the outcome of the tests. Acting on these results,
Rosenthal and Jacobson hypothesized that teacher's expectancies would cause them unintentionally to treat the students they thought to be bright in a different manner than those they thought to be average or even less bright.
Rosenthal and Jacobson used some materials that were important in the completing their investigation. The experimenters used students and their teachers as the subjects of their study. As part of their experiment, they even chose which grades the students would be in. They also used Flanagan's Tests of
General Ability as a disguise to predict academic expectancies. The experimenters did not use anything else in their experiment but instead let their subjects do the rest. Rosenthal and Jacobson's goal was to see how teachers would treat students whom they thought were of above average intelligence in comparison to how they treated students whom they believed were of below average intelligence.
As with all experiments, there needed to be variables. In trying to test teacher's expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson used labels for children as their independent variable. The labels used were “bloomers” for children who were expected to be above average, while the other group of children were
But why? Girls can be intimidated by many things in STEM. Without support and education they can quickly lose interest in STEM. There are many things that can discourage girl from entering STEM. Girls lose interest because of “socialization and lack of exposure and access”. (Danae King, 2)The funny thing is girls and boys are equally interested in STEM until middle school. (Danae King, 8) One of the main reasons for this is STEM is a male dominated field. Girls can be very uncomfortable being the “only girl”. Girls often don’t think that they are smart enough to work in STEM fields. Words like rigorous and advanced can turn girls away from STEM fields because they feel intimidated.(Girls Scouts of America, page 10) African American and Latino girls can be even more discouraged because they have fewer support, low exposure, and low academic achievement than their white peers. As a result they are less likely to be involved in STEM fields. (Girl Scouts of America, page
In the beginning of the summer, the pony would not move at all or go really slow when asking him to run the barrel pattern. After many attempts of trying to get the pony to walk with me on top of him, he finally started to get more confidence and knew that I would not let him run into anything while on him. During training, the pony knew the arena well enough so he would not bump into anything. After building up speed and getting better times, I thought that we were back in barrel racing. I entered the pony and I in the minnesota rodeo.
The Scavenger Hunt implemented several Developmental areas. Socially, we dealt with the “Four I’s” We were given the opportunity to express ourselves, we were encouraged to initiate our own learning, we were given independence, and social interaction was necessary to our task. (p.461) We also worked cooperatively as a team. In utilizing these social skills, we employed creative skills like flexibility and sensitivity. (p. 495) Emotionally, we had to practice self-regulation. (p.468)
Response to Intervention (RtI) is a framework based off the problem solving method that integrates assessment, and targeted instruction, within a multi-tiered intervention system. Implementation of RtI in schools is crucial to identify which students need additional intervention that will help increase their literacy skills, and prevent them from falling behind. RtI is based off multi-leveled tiers that are each categorized by the intensity of the intervention that is being used. The RtI framework is also used as a valued tool in monitoring and improving student behavior in the classroom through a model known as Positive Behavioral Intervention Support (PBIS).
Catholics Quietism began with Spanish theologian Miguel De Molino, “… advocated losing one’s individual soul in God, reaching inner peace through prayer and pure disinterested love of God,” (Wiesner, page 417). Madam Guyon heard about his teachings and quickly took them into practice within her own life. The outcome of her being
Beginning in 1880, there was a growing desire for European countries to expand and control their rule. The only continent at that time that was left uncontrolled and, in the European's eyes uncivilized, was Africa. This was the start of Western Imperialism. All European countries wanted their piece of Africa and to get it, they would let nothing stand in their way. They would change the entire government, religion, market, and behavior of most of the African nation and affect almost every person living there. An account of the impact of Imperialism is given in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. This book shows the changes that occurred in Africa during Imperialism and its affect on the community and the people of the tribes that existed there.
In the modern day, Africa is seen by the world around it as a relatively underprivileged continent. Since its independence from colonial rule, Africa 's economic performance has been less than stellar and its advancement has been slow, which could be argued through a myriad of different ideologies. Nathan Nunn, the author of “Historical Legacies: A model linking Africa’s past to its current underdevelopment” believes that the slave trade and colonial rule, brought on by the Europeans in the past, is the reason for Africa’s economic hardships, that are still lingering to this day. What he sets out to answer in this academic paper is an interesting question, “Why do these events, which ended years ago, continue to matter today?” Through the
...tions and become a good person. Since they experienced this lesson rather than being told it, the kids have thoroughly and completely learned it and will apply this lesson in the future contributing them to be good people.
Promoting gender equity in STEM courses in high school is a crucial step in the direction of postsecondary achievement in related careers. But all too often, students Students are often afraid to try something new and of failing in front of others. Students who chronically under-perform in math and science, thinking they are not competent to excel in these subjects, are at risk of giving up.
Book Review of The Path of Prayer: Four Sermons on Prayer by St. Theophan the Recluse
Quietism was spread by Miguel De Molino words and teachings in the seventeenth century Spain. The audience of this book is those who are looking for a connection with God and to understand what it means to have a releationship with God. This book allows historians to better understand the controversies within Catholicism during the seventeenth century. Historians need to be wary of the biases attracted to this book because there is many different viewpoints coming from the 22st century and on how female were viewed in the Middle
However, why aren’t many women getting technology jobs? Why it is that STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) jobs are overpowered mostly by men? Again, women are as highly educated as men, so there is no reason why these jobs should be dominated by men. Also, many women are interested in these fields, so it would be a poor answer by saying that mostly men are interested in STEM jobs. For instance, I would love to have a job in the IT field. However, this entire situation seems unfair, because it seems as though society favor men more for these positions than women. If you ask me, I’ll say this is a prime example of
Scramble for Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved February 19, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa#Colonization_of_the_Congo
Parents and educators both display actions that could be and continue to affect the gender gap in STEM. By parents not giving both their sons and daughters an equal to the questions they ask, it supports the idea of why there is a lack of women in these areas of study. Female teachers also may be openly expressing their struggles with math and other similar areas have negatively affected the gap in STEM today. Direct biases and unconscious biases are both reasons that lead to a gap in these areas. But as female teenagers mature and grow older, they have different wants than men do when they grow