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Existing Global Institutions and their problems
In an increasingly connected and interdependent world, global institutions play an important role in promoting stability and guiding developing countries towards becoming market economies. This process and the importance of this role was never more clear than during the 1990s. In Eastern Europe, a host of new countries appeared on the world map franticly began running towards capitalism and prosperity. The premier international institution, the International Monetary Fund, was given the difficult task of crediting emerging economies and providing the western know-how to build strong market economies. Alas, in many cases, it failed. Possibly, the most tragic example was that of Russia. Some argue that the fund had modest desings and was fundamentally uncapable of this great project. This essay will explore why the fund failed, how its decisions were made, and what must be done in an ideal institution that would be able to accomplish the task.
Currently, or over the last decade, the fund was in a peculiar situation. It essentially gave loans to countries that were politically important to the west, such as Russia and Brazil, repeatedly bailing them out of crises which their poor policies led it to. The fund also prescribed certain reforms and policies that should improve the economy over the long tuerm. Unfortunately, these recommendations were all too often either incorrect, as in Asia, or were ignored altogether, as in Russia. The reason is the simple moral hazard. There was no real reason to comply and change inside, when a state knew that they will be given the loan anyway, for the west had political reasons such as the fear that the country will renounce democracy and the like.
It is important to refute the illusion early on that the IMF was truly international or independent body. It was, and is massively underfunded ant the result is that its directors have to ask the US treasury department for funds, giving the bosses of the treasury such as Robert Rubin and Larry Summers immense influence over the fund's policies. Therefore, while the fund essentially promoted policies of the American government, or the "Washington concensus", it was often used as a scapegoat. Whenever something was wrong, such as a crisis precipitating due to poor and not peer-accepted recommendations, as was the case in Asia in 1998, few blamed the department of the Treasury of the Clinton administration. Problems were attributed to the fund, which is labeled as international, and to such mysterious and ill-understood phenomena such as globalization.
Muscular system is a system which consists of specialized cells which called as muscle fibers. The main function of muscular system are allows the body movement, circulates the blood throughout the body, helps to maintain the posture such as standing and sitting and also function as heat production which helps to maintain the body temperature. Human body would not able to move at all without muscles. In human body there are more than 600 muscles and most of the muscles attached to the skeleton. Muscle system can be divided into three types of muscles which is the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and also smooth muscle. There are two type of muscle arrangement which is the antagonistic muscles and synergistic muscles.
The muscular system is important in the daily life to the humans. The muscular system is the body's network of tissues that control movement of the body. Walking, running, and jumping, all of these actions propelling the body through space are possible only because of the contraction and relaxation of muscles. These movements, however, are not the only ones directed by the muscular activity. Muscles make it possible to stand, sit, speak, and blink. Even more, were it not for muscles, blood would not move through the digestive system. Muscles are the machine of the body, allowing it to work.
The muscular system helps the body with movement. Throughout the entire body, there are 600 skeletal muscles. In a way, the skeletal system and the muscular system work together; the nervous system tells the muscles to contract and the muscles move. Some of the functions of the muscular system are to move the body, support and protect the organs throughout the body.
Firstly, they were taught and trained from a very young age. All men over the age of fourteen were expected to undertake military duty (DOC B). By training their soldiers so young, by the time they were ready to fight, they were amazingly fast and strong which helped to conquer other lands. Second, the Mongols were very well organized which helped with communication. Organization flourished under Genghis Khan, the leader of the Mongols, control because he instituted new rules. For example, “Genghis Khan ordained that the army should be organized in such a way that over ten men should be organized in such a way that over ten men should beset one man and he is what we call a captain of ten” (DOC C). By instituting standardized methods and rules of battle to create organization, they were able to work together, as one, as a team. Everybody was on the same page, and nobody left people behind and fled. This organization united them and brought them to move like each other, learn from one another. Lastly, the Mongols were always prepared, another characteristic that added to why they were able to conquer so much land. When soldiers are prepared, they can be confident and brave. The Mongol army needed that advantage. So soldiers were equipped for travel. They were expected to carry cooking pots, dried meat, a water bottle, files for sharpening arrows, a needle ad thread and other
I selected the Muscular system for my milestone one assignment because of its fascinating facts and functions and how we need this system in order for our bodies to move. The muscular system is the muscles of the body. And its made up of over six hundred muscles. I started learning about the muscular system by reading chapters 4 and 5 for my weekly homework assignment, however, I was so interested in the information I was learning such as the muscle and its functions.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2000). The IMF and the World Bank: puppets of the neoliberalism onslaught. Retrieved April 05, 2014, from MIT website: http://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v13/2/imf.html
Before reading Lieberman’s article on his interpretation of the obesity epidemic, I was never informed of the evolutionary and historical aspects of this craving for sweets. Most commonly known as a “sweet tooth”. However, once I was informed on the natural born instincts of human needs when it comes to surviving, it makes greater sense why humans crave sugar, and more importantly why this excessive production of sugar in easily accessible items has become an increasing threat of not only obesity, but of death from obesity-related diseases. I was always aware of the addictive qualities of junk food. One cannot deny that food can easily become an addiction, just as alcohol, drugs, or sex could be labeled an addiction. After having read Lieberman’s
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization was set up in 1945 after World War II. The whole world had experienced severely destruction during the period World War One and World War Two, each state need the restorative processes and a good platform to recover its inherent ability and make their citizens get rid of poverty, hence economy problem it was the first problem that states should be concerned.
Women are affected by violence in many ways. Specifically, rape and sexual harassment are some causes as to why there are women afraid to walk alone in the dark or go for a run in the park by themselves. Men take advantage of their power over women by placing them in a state of fear, which makes it difficult for a woman to fight back. As a result, there are many rape and sexual harassment cases that are not reported because women are perceived as problems that need to be solved and not as victims. After all, rape and sexual harassment are very personal to women so speaking up about violence would be challenging. Living in fear will not defend your body. However, a woman should not have to walk to her car holding out keys as a weapon in fear that she might be attacked. If roles were reversed and men where being raped, I wonder if actions would be changed? Would there be more women as the rapists behind bars than there are men?
Many individuals experience a compulsive act towards something which causes harm to them and sometimes even those around the individual. Addiction is the term used to describe such behavior and it eventually causes many individuals to lose control over their own actions (Tracy, 2016). Excessive engagement in addictive behaviors or the use of substances is caused by the brain reward effect of it which causes “neuroadaptation circuitry leading to impaired control over further” substance or behavior (American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2011). Millions of individuals around the world have addictions to drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even to behaviors such as shopping and eating. Eating is a normal process since food is essential for survival.
The IMF was not designed to be an aid agency but its role in economic
The IMF was created at the end of WWII in order to create a framework for global economic cooperation without creating a second Great Depression. Since its creation it has evolved to tackle a variety of economic issues. The goal of the IMF is to help the governments of member countries “take advantage of the opportunities- and manage the challenges- posed by globalization and economic development more generally.” It tracks global economic trends and performance, alerts member countries of potential problems, provides of forum to discuss policy, and helps governments in times of economic hardship. It provides policy advice and financing to member countries suffering from economic adversity. Additionally, it aims to create...
“The process of globalization and the increasing role of non-state actors in global governance are undermining the role of the state as the principal actor in global policymaking.”
Many critics and even followers of the IMF do not even know what the IMF really is. It is not a development or even a central bank. It is a credit union. It pays interests on deposits it receives from member nations. The IMF lends money to members having trouble meeting financial obligations to other members, but only the condition that they undertake economics reforms to eliminate these difficulties for their own good and that of the entire membership. Some people believe that if the IMF tells a country to do something, they must do it. This statement is false. The IMF has no authority over the domestic economic policies of its members. The IMF is a cooperative institution that 182 countries voluntarily joined because they see the advantage of consulting with one another to maintain a stable system of buying and selling their currencies.
There is an undeniable fact that there has been a rise in globalization. It has become a hot topic amongst the field of international politics. With the rise of globalization, the sovereignty of the state is now being undermined. It has become an undisputed fact that the world has evolved to a new level of globalization, the transferring goods, information, ideas and services around the globe has changed at an unimaginable rate. With all that is going on, one would question how globalization has changed the system that is typically a collection of sovereign states. Do states still have the main source of power? What gives a state the right to rule a geographically defined region? It is believed by many that due to the introduction of international systems and increasing rate of globalization, the sovereignty of the state has been slowly eroded over time. My paper has two parts: First, it aims to take a close look at how globalization has changed the way the economy worked, specifically how it opened doors for multinational corporations to rise in power. Second, to answer the question, is it possible for it to exist today? And even so, should it?