Oxygen Sensor [7] This device was developed by Robert Bosch GmbH in the 1960s and is also called the Lambda Sensor. The purpose of the sensor is to determine the amount of oxygen in its surroundings. It plays a very important role in automotive vehicles in determining the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust gases. By knowing the same, we can improve electronic fuel injection and emission control. They he to observe in real-time if the air-to-fuel ratio of combustion engine is rich or lean. Since the sensor is present in the exhaust system, they do not directly determine the optimality of the air-to-fuel ratio, but when the information of the sensor is coupled with information from other sources, it can be used to improve overall efficiency of the vehicle. A closed loop feedback-controlled fuel injection varies the fuel injector output according to real-time sensor data rather than working with a predetermined (open-loop) fuel map. In addition to the improved efficiency of the electronic fuel efficiency, this method can improve emissions control drastically in improving levels of unburnt HC and nitrogen oxides. The sensor doesn’t calculate the oxygen concentration, but rather the difference between the concentrations of oxygen in the exhaust system to that concentration of oxygen in the air. Rich burn causes a demand of oxygen which results in a voltage build up due to the movement of ions in the sensor layers. A lean burn causes low voltage as there is an oxygen excess. New vehicles can use this data to improve emission control and improve the vehicle’s efficiency. The Engine Control Unit (ECU) of the vehicle can adjust the concentration of fuel injected in to the engine to improve the type of burn. The ECU can be used to mai... ... middle of paper ... ...402.2005.02041.x [10]: M Rajasekhar Reddy & K .Madhava Reddy, Design And Optimization Of Exhaust Muffler In Automobiles, International Journal of Automobile Engineering, Research and Development, ISSN 2277-4785, Vol.2, Issue 2 Sep 2012 11-21 [11]: Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by hydrocarbons Michael D. Amiridisa, Tiejun Zhanga, Robert J. Farrautob, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 10, Issues 1–3, 14 September 1996, Pages 203–227 [12]: Ceramic Diesel Particulate Filters, Joerg Adler, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7402.2005.02044.x, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology ,Volume 2, Issue 6, pages 429–439, November 2005 [13]: Optimal Automobile Muffler Vibration And Noise Analysis, Sujit Kumar Jha, Ajay Sharma, International Journal Of Automotive And Mechanical Engineering, ISSN: 2229-8649 (Print); Volume 7, Pp. 864-881, January-June 2013
This paper has informed you on multiple parts and operations of 7.3 litre injectors. Listing their parts, both internal and external. How the entire system works as one, and how it makes the engine run. Without fuel of some sort the engine would not run. So with this research paper I hope you have learned something.
...ese dangerously harmful gasses would be released into our atmosphere by all combustion engines. Although the catalytic converter when operating at its optimal temperature can break down over 95% percent of the harmful gasses produced by the engine it does not do a well at all when not at high temperatures. It takes about five miles of driving for most vehicles to reach a temperature at which the reactions will reach near completion, before this temperature the catalytic converter does practically nothing to convert these harmful gases. Some catalytic converters now have coils running from the engine to the catalytic converter to heat the catalytic converter to its optimal temperature soon after the engine has started to produce harmful gasses. With this improvement the catalytic converter can effectively reduce almost all of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide.
There are millions of cars on the road in the United States, and each one is a source of air pollution. Especially in large cities, the amount of pollution cars produce everyday is a lot. To solve those problems, many laws have been enacted restricting the amount of pollution that cars can produce. To make their cars as pollution-free as possible, automakers have made many refinements to car engines and fuel systems and have developed the catalytic converter. The catalytic converter treats the exhaust before it leaves the car, and removes a lot of the pollution.
Predictions may be made about the suitability of possible catalysts by assuming that the mechanism of catalysis consists of two stages, either of which can be first:
Detroit asserts that the Cadillac engine system is responsible for cost reduction especially with regard to the Cadillac maintenance (73). This owes to the fact that the flexible logistics of installation and low consumption of fuel guarantee savings. This vehicle’s engine is efficient due to the fact that it is safe to drive at high and low speeds. The brake system of this vehicle does not require electromagnetic fields in order to function. The model in question is also fitted with emergency tools, which help in case of skidding. These tools include the braking cruise control. Cadillac’s brake system is light unlike other vehicles’ brake systems, and this enhances swiftness in driving the Cadillac. Additionally, this model does not have the shortcoming of fuel loss especially through drags. The Cadillac has Eigen solver system, which is responsible for squeal analysis. In this regard, the need for programming is eliminated. The thermoregulation ensures that the braking system’s heat is controlled. Furthermore, the thermoregulation amplifies the computation performance of squeal. The engine...
In order to get the push our vehicles we will experiment with the inflation of a vehicle’s tires to determine the rate at which the efficiency of the vehicle is improved over the tire pressure increased.
Diesel engines have been utilized in heavy duty vehicles for a ahead of time; it's just in the past decade that it has become popular in light duty application for their higher fuel efficiency. Higher fuel efficiency in the diesel engine is obtained as a result of high compression ratios along with high air concentration in the combustion chamber. Nevertheless, these same factors results in large NOx emission in diesel engine. The stringent emission norms have been a significant driving force to enlarge the internal combustion engines more environment friendly. The important emissions from diesel engin...
In my undergraduate years, I have acquired a strong background in the fundamentals of basic mechanical engineering, having studied subjects such as Strength of Materials, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Design of Machine Elements and Automobile Engineering. Whilst pursuing my diploma & degree courses, my interest for Automotive Engineering grew even more having learnt more on the different types of internal combustion engines, their configuration and importance. However, what I lacked was a practical understanding on these core areas of Automotive Engineering. To gain a better understandi...
In the mid-seventies basic steps were taken to reduce the pollution caused by cars, which of course at their heart is an internal combustion engine. The first and most obvious source of pollution from cars is the Exhaust pipe. Exhaust emissions contain carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. Also a small amount of solid matter, or particulates, is emitted in the form of lead from the tetraethyl lead used in fuel to increase its octane rating. It was found that these pollutants were having an adverse effect on the environment and in extreme cases were actually causing visible ‘smog.’ But exhaust emissions in pre-70’s cars were only accounting for 55% of automotive air pollutants. Another major source was emissions of hydrocarbons from the engine’s crankcase. They occurred because during combustion there is a small amount ...
The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds.
To this end, perhaps developing an internal combustion engine that is based more on ethanol combustion than on the current petrol combustion model, would overcome the energy and time inefficiencies encountered in burning high ethanol content fuels in this work.
Flynn et al. [4] studied a turbocharged, intercooled diesel engine using second law analysis to evaluate low-heat-rejection engine concepts. They were performed the simulation of engine cycle process. Primus and Flynn [5] reported a study demonstrating the benefits of using the second law in determining various energy losses in a diesel engine. Defining a thermodynamic system as outside the engine cylinder. Alkidas [6] applied energy and exergy balances to a diesel engine using experimental measurements. Shapiro and Van Gerpen [7] extended their earlier work to include a two-zone combustion model and applied this model to both a compression-ignition and a spark ignition engine. As before, their study included chemical exergy considerations. They presented the
Learning how a vehicle works can be very helpful to learn to get to see how everything comes together and makes a vehicle run properly. There are a few main components that allow a vehicle to run properly such as the engine, cooling system, drive train, brakes, electrical system and the exhaust. It’s very important that all of these components work properly for the vehicle to run efficiently. Without one of these components the vehicle may not run at all or it will run but will not be able to stop or may be polluting the earth more than usual. That’s why it is so interesting to know how all the components of an efficient running vehicle come together for that smooth peaceful ride.
The importance of aerodynamics has been known throughout most of automobile racing history. In the early days of the Indianapolis 500 cars were built with streamlined bodies. However, engine, suspension, and tire technologies were more important, at that time. Automobile aerodynamics was not studied closely until the early 1960's. Drag reduction is still important, but a new concept has been introduced: production of an aerodynamic down force, which is thought to be more important than drag reduction.
It maximized the amount of catalyst-coated surface area to which the engine exhaust may be exposed, and