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Social Exchange Theory to interpersonal relationships
Social Exchange Theory to interpersonal relationships
Social Exchange Theory to interpersonal relationships
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George Homans and Peter Blau each offer an explanation of human interactions and how they reproduced social process and social structures. Homans develop his theory by observing four different social groups; street gang, work group in a factor, kingship system of a private island, and a village in new England. Through his observations he develop five propositions that underlies the dynamics of a group. Peter Blau further developed Homans theory and added that people calculated their actions based on the reward level of their action as well as the level of power they receive from their actions. Blau also explains how exchange theory becomes an institutionalization. I will also being going over Habermas’s uses of the theory of Communicative Action to develop a theory of society with practical intent. Homans observation of four different social groups; street gang, work group in a factor, kingship system of a private island, and a village in new England, lead to his development of five propositions. Those Propositions being; One, if the frequency of interaction between two or more people increases, then the degree if the liking of one another will increase as well. Two; when people like one another increase, they will express it by participating in more activities together. Three; the more frequent people interact with other people the more similar their behavior will become. Four; the higher the rank of a person with in a group, the more their behavior will conform to the group. Five; the higher the person is social rank, the wider the range of their interaction. These are Homans first Five Major Propositions in his attempt to develop his theory about human interaction. Though Homans research on these four different social... ... middle of paper ... ...ce Kohlberg and Jean Piaget to explain the development stages of and individual’s morals. Preconvention level, which is the punishment/obedience stage as well as the instrumental relativist stage, the Preconvention level is where a child response to cultural rules of what is good or bad but s/he learns this lesson by trial and error and sometime punishment. The conventional level is the interpersonal concordance orientation and the law and order orientation and obedience to authority begins. It is also where individuals maintain the expectations of the family and the nation, seeing it as a right and valuable regardless of the outcome. The final level is Post conventional level, in this level individuals develop universal ethical orientation, and social contract orientation, and it is also where people have a clear effort to define moral values and principles.
Kohlberg’s theory was often criticized for being culturally biased towards individualistic cultures because the third and highest level of morality pertained most to middle-class Americans (168). Erikson’s theory of stage development revolved around accomplishing certain psychological goals to develop onto the next stage of life. Whichever goal was completed, would determine if a person could move on happily or have problems along the way (Myers 170).
The influence that the behaviors of groups have is one of the most important factors that help shape and contribute to a functional society. With their works, William Edward Burghardt
Before one can analyze the ways in which Cronin demonstrates how an individual becomes self enlightened it is necessary to explain what the process of personal development is. Personal development includes activities that improve awareness and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations. Many discuss the idea in great detail including ways to initiate development. One prominent figure in the field was Lawrence Kohlberg, an American phycologist. He developed what’s popularly known as Kohlberg's Three Levels and Six Stages of Moral Reasoning. The first stage is “pre-conventional” where a individual is focused on obedience and avoiding punishment and is also considered self-oriented. The second stage is “Conventional” where the individual is interpersonal and conforms to maintain a social orientation. The last stage, “Post-Conventional,” is arguably on...
First I would like to look at Georg Simmel, who puts emphasis of the importance of interaction between people. As he mentions in
In Kohlbergs moral stages five & six people begin to understand morals and social good then moral reasoning. Basic human rights become important as well as principles.
I noticed in Piaget stages of moral development Kevin is in the autonomous morality stage. Kevin has realized the rules at school and standards can be negotiated and or changed because his parents can get the school to change the rules or policies for his benefit. On Kohlberg’s stage Kevin, his behaviors can be related to the conventional level stage 4. Broderick and Blewitt describes Kohlberg’s conventional morality as “what is right depends on other’s approval or on the need to maintain social order” (pg. 261). Kevin’s peers react to his negative behaviors is effecting his moral
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development is three levels consisting of two stages in each. Kohlberg’s Theory explains how a human’s mind morally develops. Level one is typically common in younger children. The two stages in level one are pre-conventional stages. Stage one is obedience and punishment driven; one will judge an action by the consequences given. Stage two is out of self interest. Level two is mostly common in teenagers. The stages in this level
Kohlberg’s theory of the stages of moral development has gained some popularity despite being controversial. The claim that the levels form a “ladder,” the bottom being the immature child with a pre-conventional level and the top being a post conventional ethical individual. The sequence is unvarying and the subject must begin at the bottom with aspirations to reach the top, possibly doing so. (7) Research confirms that individuals from different cultures actually progress according to Kohlbergs theory, at least to the conventional level. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development continue to provide a foundation for psychology studies of moral reasoning. (6)
The moral development of children can depend on many factors. Parenting and upbringing of the child, their environment, social environment, gender, and race are all aspects that can contribute to how a child develops their moral standards and expectations. Many psychologist have tried for several years to develop a theory to how morality is developed. One in particular is Lawrence Kohlberg (1958), his moral development theory is based on the cognitive development of children and it is thought that moral development proceeds and changes as cognitive development occurs (Arnett, 2012). Kohlberg’s moral development theory consist of 3 different levels each containing 2 stages altogether making 6 stages of moral development, as Kohlberg conducted
This essay will address actions of individuals and the contribution individual actions make to the social structure, how society flows to the actor via the “Me” and is constructed or reconstructed by the “I,” giving the “I” a place in creating society. I will further analyze the theories and explore the impact of norms and values on the decisions by the actors.
What is moral development? In a nutshell, it’s the progression of morality throughout one’s lifetime by means of different stages. There are six of these stages, developed by Lawrence Kohlberg, that help to explain our moral choices and cognitive skills relative to our approximate age. Furthermore, as Kohlberg suggests, everyone reaches stages one through four: Punishment and Obedience, Instrumental Purpose and Exchange, Interpersonal Expectations and Conformity, and Law and order, respectively. Stage1 is characterized by the threat of punishment and the promise of reward. Stage 2 actions are
Jennifer Unger & C. Anderson Johnson, “Explaining Exercise Behavior and Satisfaction with Social Exchange Theory,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 81 (1995): 603-608.
Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: the nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Social Exchange theory was created by George Homans in 1958. Since its publication as “Social Behavior as Exchange”, several other theorists like Peter Blau, Richard Emerson, John Thibaut, and Harold Kelley have contributed to the theory. Before diving into the biggest concepts of this theory, two main properties need to be discussed. This theory is all about social exchanges, which are essentially reactions and decisions in relationships. The two properties are self-interest and interdependence. They are the two fundamental interactions between two individuals who each have something of value to the other. When an individual is looking out for their own self-interest, they are looking out for their own economic and psychological needs which can result in things like greed and competition. However, self-interest is not seen as a negative thing; in fact, it can result in both parties achieving their own interests. Interdependence, on the other hand, is harder to study but it is the combination of the two using both their efforts to gain something. Interdependence has higher social implications. Homans, as the founder of the theory, had it say that the theory consists of a social exchange with rewards and costs between at least two people. Rewards are defined as objects that have a positive value and are sought out by individuals. Costs are defined as objects that have a negative value and are avoided by individuals. Rewards in regards to relationships are things like support, friendship, and acceptance, while costs are things like energy spent, time, and money. Essentially this theory states that every individual is trying to maximize their wins or their worth and end up with something that is more positive than negative. Worth equ...
Two of the four coordinates that are completely opposite from each other on this theoretical framework include “Individual” and “Collective.” According to classical theory, “Individual are the patterns of social life which are seen as emerging from ongoing interaction, and Collective are the patterns of social life which are seen as the product of existing structural arrangements” (Appelrouth...