INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The fast growth and development in power system has made the system becoming heavily stressed and more complex from day to days. This is happened due to the several reasons such increased of load in the transmission lines and also the difficulties in constructing new transmission system as well as inconvenience in building up new generating plant near the load centers. These incidents may lead to the power system problems such as voltage instability problem or voltage collapse and loss maximization. Generally, power system is an electrical network that contains several components such as generators, transmission lines, loads, and also voltage controller. Electric utility power system originates in the power plant or generation; it is then transmitted to the loads by the transmission lines [1].
As stated earlier, one of the power system problems is voltage instability or voltage collapse problem. Referring to [2], voltage instability or voltage collapse is dynamic process; It can be defined as the absence of voltage stability, resulted from the decreased of progressive voltage. Voltage magnitudes fall gradually in the early stage of voltage collapse. This condition might be temporary voltage recovery due to the voltage control action; however, the voltages soon drop to a very low level. Voltage instability or voltage collapse has become serious problem in power system and recently, active research subject attracting investigators from the field of power engineering. A study on voltage collapse mechanism [3] shows that there is an iterative reaction of voltage drop between the system network and dynamic load that can lead to the voltage collapse. This dynamic phenomenon and incident of voltage collaps...
... middle of paper ...
...o describes the application of ANN to control the automatic on-load tap changer of two parallel transformer connected across the network.
Reference [33] presents the fuzzy technique for voltage control and parallel operation between local gas turbine generation and utility source in industrial plants. References [34-35] also show the application of fuzzy logic for reactive power and voltage control and power flow analysis.
References [36-37] present the Evolutionary Algorithm approach for angle stability improvement and optimal Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) placement by considering loss minimization.
1.4 SUMMARY
A simple review of the literature and basic information that incorporate with this project has been discussed and presented under this chapter. A review from other researches on optimization techniques are also discussed in this chapter.
Lemelson-MIT Program . Dept. home page. Nov. 2004. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 17 Sept. 2008 .
It was also possible to simulate ED system after the electric resistances of the equivalent circuit were obtained from the analysis of the time course of PaCl. The simulation results agreed with ED data very well.
My knowledge of engineering is reasonable and includes transformer substations, power plants, power distribution and transmission systems, industrial motor control and PLC programming, protective relay coordination, FACTS devices, grounding systems, Matlab programming and project management. In addition, I possess practical experience performing power flow, short-circuit and relay coordination analyses while using a power system modelling software such as ETAP, EDSA, DigSilent and CYME. Consequently, the aforementioned experience and solid engineering education along with your training will allow me to provide support to operating and new
o Case 2: Maximum known a priori -- This becomes a linear search problem (find the maximum).
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
times, when there's peak demand of electricity that interacted nature of the grid makes the
The emergence of the Microgrids came after realizing that the architecture of the electricity grid existing nowadays (Figure 1) is getting obsolete, since it is based on the idea of a top-down system, which is predicated on unidirectional energy flows. [ASMUS09]
The electricity leaves the plant which it is generated at very high voltages, either 275kV or 400kV. The first place that the voltage must get too before it gets too the end user is the supergrid. The supergrid is a large transmission network over the country and beyond which transmits electricity over vast areas. The supergrid receives the 275kV or 400kV from the power plant and steps it down too 132kV which is the voltage that travels along the supergrid network. The supergrid steps down the voltage in a delta-delta format. This means that the three phase transformer is connected in a delta format which means that there is no neutral line and there is only the three phases.
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
A large stationary Brayton cycle gas-turbine power plant delivers a power output of 100MW to an electric generator. The minimum temperature in the cycle is 300K, and the maximum temperatur...
Electricity blackout is a shortage of an electric power or long term loss of the electric power in the particular area. Cause for an electricity blackout is in an electricity network, which includes faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit or the overloading of electricity
In this paper, I will talk about how AC circuits can be described by considering voltage and current using complex numbers. An AC circuit requires two separate numbers to be able to completely describe it. This is because it takes into account the amplitude and the phase of the current. The fact that complex numbers can be easily added, subtracted, multiplied or divided with each other makes them ideal for this operation where both amplitude and phase have to work together.
Cormen T. H, Leiserson C. E., Rivest R. L. and Stein C. [1990] (2001). “Introduction to Algorithms”, 2nd edition, MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-262-03293-7, pp. 27–37. Section 2.3: Designing algorithms..
Transient stability was detected as a threat in power system since 1920. In the earlier stage the problems were concerned with the far away situated generating unit supplying the load centers with long overhead transmission lines. The importance of this phenomenon was increased due to lots of blackouts. The industries were the most concerning with these kind of problem because interruption in the supply leads them into losses. It was one of the most dangerous problems on the system. As continue progress of the power system begins Instability of various kind, implementation of new technologies, tough operating condition have been developed. Power system stability had become a important topic in which voltage stability, inter area oscillation and frequency stability have more of concern. A deep understanding of different kinds of faults and their prone to unstable condition and how they are related to each other are very important to design and implementation of the power system. For analyzing power system stability, graphical methods like power circle diagram and equal area criterion ...
Peterson’s algorithm is also extended to be used as a solution to N-process critical section problem