The Evolution of Management Beginning with the Industrial Revolution
Management as we know it into being in the late nineteenth century, during the industrial revolution. Before the advent of this period, most societies were mostly agrarian with the majority of the people living in rural areas. Some families carried out production as an occupation, although with time some people became more specialized in one job or another. The main basis of management was based upon two main assumptions. One was that labor was untrustworthy and would only perform under a tight leash. Secondly, they considered labor to the main factor of production that could be easily controlled. This therefore meant that the cost of production could be reduced by making them put more effort into work, work for longer periods and for the same amount of pay, or even less.( Ukessays, n.d. Industrial Revolution & Management Theory. Retrieved from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business-theory/industrial-revolution-management-theory.php). There was a need to change the management theories in order to increase efficiency. This just means utilizing an organization’s resources more profitably. ( slideshare, n.d. Chapter 2 The Evolution Of Management Theory. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/bsetm/chapter-2-the-evolution-of-management-theory).
During the revolution, both small-scale and large scale production factories were managed by engineers who had technical knowhow and little else. There were therefore challenges when it take to handling people. Problems also arose as is the norm when a large number of people are working together. The main concern was which worker-task arrangement would bring about the best results. Research done by Adam Smith showed...
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...ioning) ( slideshare, n.d. Chapter 2 The Evolution Of Management Theory. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/bsetm/chapter-2-the-evolution-of-management-theory)
The Hawthorne Studies
The Hawthorne effect refers to the discovery that a leader’s behavior as well as the leadership style has the ability to influence a worker’s performance) ( slideshare, n.d. Chapter 2 The Evolution Of Management Theory. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/bsetm/chapter-2-the-evolution-of-management-theory).
These are some of the various aspects which have undergone changes and some of the people tat influenced such. The evolution is not over yet. Various people are still coming up with new ideas of how to improve on these theories. In this way, the evolution is a continuous process that does not end with the present, but rather gets more refined as we much into the future.
The evolution of the human species has significantly changed during the course of evolution to what is now the modern day Homo sapiens. Some of the changes that have occurred through the evolution are bipedalism, changes in body features such as brow ridges, and an increase in brain capacity.
Evolving Ourselves explained well about how human is depending on technology, and it is changing our life quickly and easily. The mushrooming technological development changing the environment as well as our DNA. In the book, it was nicely introduced about Darwinism and compared the theory on natural selection and random mutation which are not the primary determinants to change life forms. If Darwin is alive today, he will add unnatural selection and nonrandom mutation to the theory.
The evolution of the human species has significantly changed during the course of evolution to what is now the modern day Homo sapiens. Some of the changes that have occurred through the evolution are bipedalism, changes in body features such as brow ridges, and an increase in brain capacity.
There are many different theories as to what evolution is, but they all conclude that evolution is a change in species over time. The modern theory of evolution is based on the concept of natural selection. Natural selection is the metapho...
This evolution theory is the main idea of the exhibit we visited for our Independent Assignment. Here at the museum you are to learn about what the earth looked like billions of years ago and how did humans and other species living on this planet change to what we see today. How mankind came from a single cell and became the men walking among the earth today. In this paper the explanation and elaboration on what the idea of evolution is, where the idea came from, and how it has affected earth though out time.
Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol are both considered classical contributors to management theory. Both were developing and expression their viewpoints at similar time period with the aim of “raising standard of management in industry” (Brodie,1967, p7) in a period were very few publications and theories on management. While both theories were developed with the same influencing factors such as war, social struggles and industrial revolution (Urwick. 1951, p7) each developed quite different management theories. Frederick Taylor is considered the Father of Scientific management and he developed scientific principles of management, focusing on the individual,...
Wren. (2005). The History of Management Thought (5th ed.). Danvers, MA: Wiley & Sons. (Original work published 1976)
...tated that it had a significant impact on the work methods at Ford Motors. Taylor's presence made it possible to maximize workers efficiency and productivity in the manufacturing process at Ford Motors through introduction of novel working styles. Through application of the scientific management principles, production increased and massively benefited the company. However, despite the numerous advantages Taylor brought to the company, the success of Ford cannot solely be attributed to Taylor. This conclusion can be drawn due to the fact that although the management principles were applied, they weren’t followed to the core as various flaws were spotted while putting the principles to work. Dehumanization and worker dissatisfaction were the two main features that were observed during the production phases. Thus, the need to shift from pure Taylorism was experienced.
With reference to a contemporary example discuss the relevance of Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management to organisations today.
Although it maximized efficiency and productivity but its main limitation was ignoring human aspects of employment. This is manifested in the following:
Without evolution, and the constant ever changing environment, the complexity of living organisms would not be as it is. Evolution is defined as a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations (8).Scientists believe in the theory of evolution. This belief is based on scientific evidence that corroborates the theory of evolution. In Figure 1 the pictures of the skulls depict the sequence of the evolution of Homo-sapiens. As the figure shows, man has evolved from our common ancestor that is shared by homo-sapiens. The change of diet of homo-sapiens over time has thought to contribute to the change in jaw structure and overall skull shape.
There are several theories that examine an organization and it’s approach to managing work in an effort to develop efficiency and increase production. Two classical approaches to management are Taylor’s scientific management theory and Weber's bureaucratic management theory. Both men are considered pioneers of in the study of management.
1).Innovation Management:Innovation Management is the form of looking into future, of being creative, imaginative .It is used in the growth of product and also organizational innovation. It also includes tools which allows higher management & engineers to communicate with basic understanding of goals and its processes .Its main focus is to allow the organization to react quickly occurring within an organization, using its efforts to implement new ideas or its products. It also involves persons in contributing to the development of the companies manufacturing and also its marketing. Through development also innovation process can be done. There are two types of process involved in innovation management one is pulled and the other is pushed. Pushed process is the one in which the organization uses its technology to discover profitable applications. Pulled process is the one in which the focus is mainly in developing the efforts to find the solutions. There are two phases in innovation management .First phase includes design of the innovation and second phase includes the implementation. Internal bench marking can be established to measure the innovation. Managers should focus on ones attention on innovation cause to be necessary to infer something from information received on the complexity.
A diversified company has two levels of strategy: business unit (or competitive) strategy and corporate (or companywide) strategy. Competitive strategy concerns how to create competitive advantage in each of the businesses in which a company competes. Corporate strategy concerns two different questions: what businesses the corporation should be in and how the corporate office should manage the array of business units.
The evolution of management though the decades can be divided into two major sections. One of the sections is the classical approach. Under the classical approach efficiency and productivity became a critical concern of the managers at the turn of the 20th century. One of the approaches from the classical time period were systematic management which placed more emphasis on internal operations because managers were concerned with meeting the growth in demand brought on by the Industrial revolution. As a result managers became more concerned with physical things than towards the people therefore systematic management failed to lead to production efficiency. This became apparent to an engineer named Frederick Taylor who was the father of Scientific Management. Scientific Management was identified by four principles for which management should develop the best way to do a job, determine the optimum work pace, train people to do the job properly, and reward successful performance by using an incentive pay system. Scientifi...