Evolution Of Capitalism Essay
analytical Essay
864 words
Madhurim Gupta
Professor Alexander R. Galloway
Special Topics in Critical Theory: Marx
14 May 2014
Qs 3: A number of writers suggest that the capitalism of the middle to late twentieth century is markedly different from previous phases. How do they describe this particular iteration of the mode of production? What role, if any, do images, spectacle, ideology, machines, or computers play?
In his book, Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Fredric Jameson drawing from the work of another Marxist theoretician Ernest Mandel, divides capitalism into three distinct periods post “the ‘original’ industrial revolution of the later 18th century” [emphasis in original](Jameson 35). Closely linked to the improvement in the means of production, i.e. technological development, the three stages of evolution of capitalism according to Jameson and Mandel are: ‘Market or competitive capitalism’ driven by the steam motors introduced in 1848; ‘Monopoly capitalism’ backed by the huge corporations using electric and combustion motors at the turn of 19th century; and the nuclear and electronic-powered machinery of ‘late capitalism’ that comes to fore in the wake of World War II (Jameson 35-36). Adding nuance to this last phase of late capitalism, David Harvey suggests that late capitalism and its guiding economic logic- Fordism culminates post World War II, but is able to push through for another a decade or so till it falls into crisis during the recession of 1973 (Harvey 124). This crisis of Fordism leads to the development of a more robust strain of capitalism, sometimes called postindustrial or post-Fordist. Harvey refers to this new brand of capitalism as ‘flexible accumulation’ which is characterized by a new, more global and m...
... middle of paper ...
... both social spending programs and fiscal and monetary policies that sustained aggregate demand (Harvey 205-209).
A decade and half later, after World War II, newer technologies and electronic products that had been invented during the inter-war years blossomed under the nourishment of the demand-stimulating regulation of the Keynesian state. Not only that, thanks to the Bretton Woods agreement which was signed in 1944, the dollar got elevated to the position of world’s preferred reserve currency, and thereby ensured the firm ties between the US fiscal and monetary policy and the whole world’s economic development. International spread of Fordist-Keynesian model occurred within a particular frame of international politics- economic regulation and a geopolitical configuration, and United States dominated through a system of military alliances and power relations.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how fredric jameson divides capitalism into three distinct periods post the industrial revolution of the late 18th century.
- Analyzes how they explore the evolution of the flexible accumulation-post modernist moment in history, which rose distinctly as a response to the fordist-modernist crisis.
- Explains that marx and engels' theory of the crisis-tendencies of capitalism is useful when considering the multiple transitions that took place within capitalism in mid to late twentieth century.
- Analyzes how fredric jameson divides capitalism into three distinct periods post the industrial revolution of the late 18th century.
- Analyzes how they explore the evolution of the flexible accumulation-post modernist moment in history, which rose distinctly as a response to the fordist-modernist crisis.
- Explains that marx and engels' theory of the crisis-tendencies of capitalism is useful when considering the multiple transitions that took place within capitalism in mid to late twentieth century.
- Explains how ford implemented fredrick taylor's program of scientific management in his factories, which led to an unprecedented supply of mass-produced cars.
- Analyzes how the great depression of 1930 provided the perfect gateway for the intervention of state power into big business. the keynesian state implemented both social spending programs and fiscal and monetary policies that sustained aggregate demand.
- Explains that the bretton woods agreement in 1944 elevated the dollar to the position of world’s preferred reserve currency and ensured the firm ties between the us fiscal and monetary policy and the whole world's economic development.
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- Analyzes how the way of capitalists was professionalism and competition, evident in robert owen's doc. 1, where he discusses the possibilities children have for an education.
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- Explains how the wealthy merchant controls the circulation of trade, but the government has the power to regulate production and control wages. louis blanc, of doc. 5, was a french politician.
- Analyzes how the way of capitalists was professionalism and competition, evident in robert owen's doc. 1, where he discusses the possibilities children have for an education.
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- Explains that during the industrial revolution, there was a clear division between two classes, the proletariats and the bourgeoisie.
- Explains that capitalism is a laissez-faire system where the government makes no interference. without government interference, there is more freedom and less risk of government messing up the economy.
- Explains that capitalism is a way of organizing an economy so that the things used to make and transport products are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government.
- Explains that during the industrial revolution, there was a clear division between two classes, the proletariats and the bourgeoisie.
- Explains that capitalism is a laissez-faire system where the government makes no interference. without government interference, there is more freedom and less risk of government messing up the economy.
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- Opines that marxism is the right way to go. marx believed that capitalism was a way of restricting one’s human freedom.
- Explains that marxism is based on the ideals that there is no difference between people; therefore there were no classes to divide anyone.
- Explains that marx and engels believed that the state and coercive institutions, such as police forces and courts of law, functioned to enable capitalists to continue their exploitation of the proletariat.
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- Explains that veblen believed that the form of business used in capitalism was not beneficial to a government.
- Analyzes how karl mar, adam smith, and thorstein veblen had different views on capitalism and how it all plays out. capitalism puts more of the pressure on the working class than it does onto the private owners.
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- Argues that the rise of corporations is one of the utmost wicked stories in modern history.
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- Argues that limited liabilities allow investors to get away with moral responsibilities and obligation, making them negligent toward the prosperity of the corporation.
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- Analyzes how baumann expresses frustration towards the decreasing value of craftsmanship in society, and his eventual participation in terrorism.
- Analyzes how judt makes comparisons between unskilled labor and capitalism, but argues that in modern times, the relationship between the two has reversed.
- Analyzes how capitalism has had both positive and negative effects on society since the industrial revolution in the 19th century.
- Analyzes how baumann expresses frustration towards the decreasing value of craftsmanship in society, and his eventual participation in terrorism.
- Analyzes how judt makes comparisons between unskilled labor and capitalism, but argues that in modern times, the relationship between the two has reversed.
- Analyzes how baumann reacts violently, becoming a terrorist in the 60s and 70s, while the people today decide to do nothing.
- Analyzes how judt asserts that the baby boomer generation no longer stands for anything after partaking in large-scale political movements of the 60's and 70’s.
- Analyzes how judt observes that political movements no longer occur because individualistic interests of people prevail over their desire to achieve a collective goal.
- Analyzes how individualism and apathy replace the desire for public engagement.
- Analyzes how baumann discusses being isolated growing up in a working-class neighborhood in berlin, which leads him to terrorism.
- Analyzes how judt describes isolation, but from the opposite end. private, "gated communities" are becoming more commonplace since the 60s.
- Concludes that baumann's actions in response to capitalism and the inaction of the people in today’s society stem from labor issues, individualism, mistrust and isolation that capitalism causes.
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- Explains harman, chris, and robert brenner, the origins of capitalism.
- Explains wood, ellen meiksins, the agrarian origins of capitalism.
- Explains how the 'primitive feudal society' was built on a series of regionally based, mainly self-supporting economic systems.
- Explains harman, chris, and robert brenner, the origins of capitalism.
- Explains wood, ellen meiksins, the agrarian origins of capitalism.
- Explains that capitalism is a social system based on the principle of individual rights, political freedom, and economic freedom.
- Explains that the transition from feudalism to primitive capitalism had heavy backing from the state. the state conquered colonies, fought for dominance of the world's markets, and took measures against foreign competition.
1920 wordsRead More - Folly in William Shakespeare's King Learanalytical essayJameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the folly of old men is a central trope in any discussion of shakespeare's imposing tragic accomplishment, king lear. traditional interpretations of the play, drawing on the classical aristotelian theory of tragedy, have tended to view this scenario as an existential spin.
- Analyzes how the "nothing" that haunted the play from its opening scenes is fully realized in a denuded cultural space where neither tradition nor the logic of power remains. edgar remains alive and oriented toward the common human endeavor
- Analyzes how edgar's new way of being "nothing" seems to facilitate survival, a goal which the play’s other characters and strategies fail to achieve.
- Analyzes how the folly of old men is a central trope in any discussion of shakespeare's imposing tragic accomplishment, king lear. traditional interpretations of the play, drawing on the classical aristotelian theory of tragedy, have tended to view this scenario as an existential spin.
- Analyzes how the "nothing" that haunted the play from its opening scenes is fully realized in a denuded cultural space where neither tradition nor the logic of power remains. edgar remains alive and oriented toward the common human endeavor
- Analyzes how edgar's new way of being "nothing" seems to facilitate survival, a goal which the play’s other characters and strategies fail to achieve.
- Analyzes how edgar's polyvalent subjectivity makes it possible for him to engage in psychodrama that a loyal son of the old cultural order could never have conceived.
- Analyzes how edgar reconfigures the master-narratives of the past into a sheaf of fragments from which he constructs an ever-changing provisional script to direct his actions.
- Explains jameson, fredric, and the cultural logic of late capitalism.
- Describes marx, karl, the eighteenth brumaire of louis bonaparte, and nineteenth century europe: liberalism and its critics.
- Argues that the renaissance, as the immediate precursor of modernity, has a special symmetry with the current period (modernity's immediate successor).
- Analyzes how the opening scenes of king lear resonate across the symmetry between shakespeare's time and our own.
- Analyzes how edgar's journey begins with his loss of the name-of-the-father and his expulsion from lear’s symbolic order.
- Analyzes how edgar, unlike kent, understands that the end of a cultural "play" does not necessarily mean the destruction of the stage itself.
- Explains that mercer, peter, and oates, joyce carol, "tradgedy". a dictionary of modern critical terms.
2870 wordsRead More - Captains Of Industry Dbqopinion essayThroughout history, historians have many times characterized the capitalists who constructed post-Civil War industrial America as either admirable “captains of industry” or wasted “robber barons.” Both of the preceding terms had been used equitably during America’s industrial movements in the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. Nonetheless, the term that is most proper for characterizing these capitalists is “captains of industry”, because although some of them may have gained their wealth and power through ruthless means and also at the expenditure of the poorer, working class of people, they have bettered the life of the American people, more so than is compassed in other countries around the world.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that historians have often characterized the capitalists who constructed post-civil war industrial america as admirable "captains of industry" or wasted "robber barons."
- Explains that the capitalists of this period were justly considered captains, because of the many job opportunities they had created.
- Argues that the capitalists profited more than their workers, and the picture of the children entering the coal mines shows the agony felt by the viewer during this period.
- Explains that historians have often characterized the capitalists who constructed post-civil war industrial america as admirable "captains of industry" or wasted "robber barons."
- Explains that the capitalists of this period were justly considered captains, because of the many job opportunities they had created.
- Argues that the capitalists profited more than their workers, and the picture of the children entering the coal mines shows the agony felt by the viewer during this period.
- Opines that henry george's observation in progress and poverty is not a condemnation if one believes, that everyone was better off than they were before.
- Opines that the benefactors of these capitalists certainly accredited their title as industry captains. the trustees could be criticized for questionable business practices, but the fortunes assembled through their businesses were used for good.
- Explains that industrialists deserving of the title of "captain of industry" gained their wealth by ruthless means, but low wages allowed for inexpensive goods to be sold, which benefited all consumers and philanthropic projects.
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