Events that Affected United States History after the Civil War
explanatory Essay
943 words
Events that Affected United States History after the Civil War Following the American Civil War (1861-1865) the United States Congress passed the trio Civil War amendments; the 13th Amendment (1865), the 14th Amendment (1868), and the 15th (1870) Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The 13th Amendment spearheaded by President Lincoln led to the abolishment of slavery, the 14th Amendment provided citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States (including freed slaves), and the 15th Amendment granted voting rights to African-American men. These amendments did not necessarily resolve the civil rights issues in America because African Americans continued to experience unequal treatment in their everyday lives than whites in many parts of the country, especially in the South. To make matters worse, Congress passed laws that supported “separate but equal”, legalizing segregation as in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Although, African-Americans had to deal with civil rights issues during the post-civil war era, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965 for African-Americans to vote and the Supreme Court ruled against “separate but equal” to prevent segregation in schools as in the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Along with these progress made towards civil rights, America also faced challenges from Russia in technological advancement and embarked on the Project Mercury from 1959 to 1963. Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy and similar cases, many advocacy groups particularly the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded in 1909, began to challenge and persuade Congress and other legislative bodies to enact laws that would protect A... ... middle of paper ... ...lenges in these areas, it is important to acknowledge the successes while we explore policies to make it even better. Works Cited Page Dunbar, Brian. "Project Mercury Goals." NASA. NASA, 30 Nov. 2006. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. Dunbar, Brian. "What Was Project Mercury?" NASA. NASA, 16 Dec. 2008. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "History of Brown v. Board of Education." USCOURTSGOV RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2014. "Project Mercury." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Apr. 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)." Our Documents -. National History Day, The National Archives and Records Administration, and USA Freedom Corps., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. "Voting Rights A http://www.indepthinfo.com/mercury/project-mercury.shtmlct." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the three civil war amendments to the u.s. constitution did not resolve the civil rights issues in america because african americans continued to experience unequal treatment in their everyday lives.
- Explains that the case of brown v. board of education, city of topeka kansas was one of the most important legal attempts by the naacp that successfully ended segregation in schools.
- Explains the 13th amendment to the u.s. constitution: abolition of slavery (1865).
- Explains that the voting rights act of 1965 was one of the most significant constitutional changes in the relationship between the federal and state governments since the reconstruction period following the civil war.
- Explains dunbar, brian, "what was project mercury?" nasa, 16 dec. 2008. web. 21 apr. 2014.
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- Explains that the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were supposed to assure equal rights for african-americans, but there was segregation, jim crow laws, and the mindset that african americans were inferior.
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599 wordsRead More - Revolution during Reconstructionanalytical essayIn 1860, blacks were enslaved in the south. By 1877, blacks were legally allowed to vote and have all the rights afforded to any white man. The first major change to blacks’ rights was made by the thirteenth amendment. It abolished slavery in the United States; however it left blacks in a limbo between slaves and citizens. Some government officials, such as Gideon Welles, disagreed with the federal government dealing with civil rights. Contrary to their wishes, the next change came from the fourteenth amendment, which established blacks as full citizens. This was much to the delight of blacks who fought for the Un...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the south was devastated by the end of the civil war. the north established a military occupation and attempted to improve the economy and political system.
- Explains that the thirteenth amendment abolished slavery in the united states, but left blacks in a limbo between slaves and citizens.
- Explains that blacks were oppressed by racist white organizations and laws meant to impede their rights, such as the ku klux klan and southern politicians.
- Explains that the freedmen's bureau failed because of discrimination in southern society and poor planning by the government.
- Explains that the time period of 1860 to 1877 was a time of change for much of the united states. although blacks were legally equal citizens, they were not treated as such.
1024 wordsRead More - Rosa Parks and Her Courageanalytical essayNearly 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern states still inhabited a starkly unequal world of disenfranchisement, segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. “Jim Crow” laws at the local and state levels barred them from classrooms and bathrooms, from theaters and train cars, from juries and legislatures. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine that formed the basis for state-sanctioned discrimination, drawing national and international attention to African Americans’ rights (Foner and Garraty). Many leaders from within the African American community and beyond rose to prominence during the Civil Rights era, including Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Andrew Goodman and others. They risked—and sometimes lost—their lives in the name of freedom and equality (National Archive). The most important achievements of African-American Civil Rights Movement have been the post-Civil War constitutional amendments that abolished slavery and established the citizenship status of blacks and the judicial decisions and legisl...
In this essay, the author
- Explains how parks was convicted of violating segregation laws, given a suspended sentence, and fined $10 plus $4 in court costs. the boycott engendered anger in much of montgomery's white population as well as violence.
- Explains how rosa parks helped the civil rights movement and african americans gain equality mainly through her courage and refusal to move.
- Analyzes how park's gaze is one of a woman who refused to give up her seat; one who was not planning to get arrested. what rosa did inspired the civil rights movement after that.
- Cites bredhoff, et al., "teaching with documents: an act of courage, the arrest records of rosa parks." foner, eric, and garraty.
1325 wordsRead More - The Civil Rights Movement: The Promise of justiceanalytical essayMcBride, Alex. “Brown v Board of Education (1954).” Supreme Court History: Expanding Civil Rights. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2007. Accessed Nov. 26, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the brown vs. education case impacted the lives of nine students in little rock, arkansas. segregation in public schools became outlawed, and central high school started to admit african american students.
- Opines that the way that black people were treated in the south was shameful, and they must have felt as though they were still slaves.
- Analyzes how the supreme court influenced the arguments and policies that would be pursued by both state and federal laws.
- Describes brown v. board of education on wikipedia.
- States mcbride, alex, "brown v board of education (1954)." supreme court history: expanding civil rights. educational broadcasting corporation.
- Explains that the civil rights movement required brave leaders and life changing events in order for america to become the integrated nation that it is today.
690 wordsRead More - Segregation: Seperate but Equalexplanatory essayCozzens, Lisa. "Brown v. Board of Education." www.watson.org. N.p., 29 Jun 1998. Web. 24 Oct 2011. .
In this essay, the author
- Explains that linda brown v. the board of education of topeka, kansas advocated the need for change in america in the mid 20th century.
- Explains that segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. it was based on shear hatred of blacks by white americans.
- Explains that linda brown was a black third-grader living in topeka, kansas, caught in the middle of racial discrimination. her father, oliver brown, tried to enroll her in white elementary but was rejected because of her race.
- Explains that the brown family drafted a petition to the school board, arguing that black facilities were unequal to those of the white children.
- Explains that the judges in plessy v. ferguson faced a difficult decision, on the one hand, segregation inhibited children's ability to learn, and the other, no supreme court case had overturned the ruling.
- Explains that the brown's and naacp appealed to the supreme court on october 1, 1951. their case was argued by robert carter and the board of education of topeka was represented.
- Explains that the case's re-argument was held on december 7-8, 1953. the main topic of discussion was whether or not segregation in schools violates the fourteenth amendment.
- Analyzes how the supreme court's unanimous decision on segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race deprives the minority group of equal educational opportunities.
- Explains that the ruling required the integration of schools across america. it declared the segregation in public schools in 21 states at the time unconstitutional.
- Explains that the supreme court ordered that school boards make a "prompt and reasonable start towards full compliance."
- Cites cozzens, lisa, "brown v. board of education." www.pbs.org.
980 wordsRead More - The Impact of the American Civil Warexplanatory essayThe American civil war was an important event in the history of United States. It changed the internal structure of American society and had a greater impact than the revolution. The basis of the civil war was due to slavery. It overthrew the once dominated planter elite politically and its slaveholding class. During early decades of the nineteen-century the planters of American south were not about to follow the path of gradual emancipation that the northern states had raged. The economies of the south and north, continues to go in opposing directs.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the american civil war changed the internal structure of american society and had a greater impact than the revolution. it overthrew the once dominated planter elite and its slaveholding class.
- Explains that the british textile industry produced 2 million pounds of cotton by 1791, which made the north and south profit from growing cotton. the growing demand for cotton sustained this expansion.
- Explains that the plantations and institution of slavery spread across the south. the plantation owners had time for education and money to buy things from england.
- Explains that slavery was well established in both the north and the south by the time the thirteen colonies fought for independence.
- Narrates how a small band of english colonists founded the first permanent settlement in america at jamestown, virginia. they did not plan to own slaves even though many thousands of africans were already working in the new england.
- Explains that jamestown colonists hoped to get rich by discovering gold as the spanish had done in mexico. they found a climate that was good for growing crops, such as tobacco, that they would sell later to england.
- Explains that virginia was the first english colony in america to consider slavery a legal institution in 1641. the children born to slave mothers would be embedded in colonial america.
- Explains that the south was dependent on its cotton production and was prepared to protect slavery and its economy in the event of war.
- Explains that the south lacked the ability to process raw cotton. they produced too little cotton to cover the costs of shipping it to a processing plant, most likely in the north or england, their primary consumers.
- Explains that virginia company intended to send cotton plants to jamestown in 1607, but the rapid emergence of tobacco as the colony's cash crop doomed early cotton cultivation. even the depression in the tobacco economy failed to convince planters to switch from tobacco.
858 wordsRead More - Brown v Board of Educationanalytical essayPatterson, James. “Brown v Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (Pivotal Moments in American History).” Oxford University Press., 2001.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that brown v. board of education was a supreme court ruling that changed the life of every american forever.
- Describes how linda brown had to walk through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school in topeka, kansas. the naacp wanted to challenge segregation in public schools.
- Explains that the u.s. district court for the district of kansas heard brown's case in 1951. the naacp argued that segregated schools sent the message to black children that they were inferior to whites.
- Analyzes how the browns' request for an injunction pushed the court to make a difficult decision. plessy v. ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites.
- Explains that brown and the naacp appealed to the supreme court on october 1, 1951. their case was combined with other cases that challenged school segregation in south carolina, virginia, and delaware.
- Analyzes how the supreme court's ruling that outlawed school segregation in the united states generated urgent news flashes on the radio and frenzied black.
- Opines that the supreme court decision is the greatest victory for the negro people since the emancipation proclamation.
- Explains that the southern states had hunkered down in a massive resistance campaign against school integration. some southern counties closed their schools instead of allowing blacks and whites into the same classrooms.
- Explains that president eisenhower had to send troops from the 101st airborne into little rock just to get nine black children safely into central high school. in the 1960s, large-scale school integration began in southern public schools.
- Explains that the harvard report concludes that school integration in the united states is "lower in 2000 than in 1970, before busing for racial balance began."
- Analyzes how the brown v board of education decision changed america. segregated housing patterns and an increase in black and hispanic immigrants have concentrated minorities in poverty-stricken areas of big cities.
- Explains that the federal government lent its power to enforcing the laws of segregation under an 1896 supreme court ruling that permitted "separate but equal" treatment of blacks and whites.
- Explains that after the supreme court ruled that segregation in public schools was a violation of the constitution, the federal attitude toward enforcing second-class citizenship for blacks shifted.
- Describes how the change in the attitude of federal officials created a wave of anticipation among black people, who became alert to the possibility of achieving racial equality.
- Explains that black americans were taking full advantage of the brown v board of education decision and stood like rosa parks. this change in black and white attitudes toward race also had an impact on culture.
- Explains that white support for equal rights led to the supreme court's 1978 decision in the university of california v bakke case, which outlawed the use of quotas.
- Opines that the most important legacy of the brown v board of education decision is the growth of an educated black middle class.
- Opines that brown v board of education is the "big bang" of american history in the 20th century.
- Analyzes how brown v board of education matters to all americans. brown cronicles, 2003. patterson, james.
2329 wordsRead More - Discrimination and the Civil Rights Movementexplanatory essayAdditionally, laws and intimidation tactics prevented blacks from enjoying other rights of citizenship, including the right to vote. African American activists and even some whites challenged these injustices through public speaking, the black press, and organizations to stand up for racial equality. In the beginning of the 1890s, journalist Ida B. Wells encouraged blacks to migrate to the north to start to protest unfair hiring practices in the South and the lynching of African American men unfairly accused of assaulting white women. In 1909, Wells, W. E. B. Du Bois, and other activists formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People also known as “NAACP”, which in the following decades became the main...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the civil rights movement is comprised of efforts of activists and national leaders to stand for african americans and the basic rights guaranteed to american citizens in the constitution.
- Explains that laws and intimidation tactics prevented blacks from enjoying other rights of citizenship, including the right to vote. african american activists and some whites challenged these injustices through public speaking, the black press, and organizations to stand up for racial equality.
- Explains that whites outside the south practiced segregation and other forms of racial discrimination. world war ii invigorated the civil rights movement, motivated blacks who during the great depression had developed a greater awareness of their political influence.
- Explains that african americans moved to industrial cities to help with employment but confronted discrimination in wages and hiring. roosevelt changed and helped the protest by signing an executive order.
- Explains that the civil rights movement was the time in america in which blacks and other minorities started getting more independence and more rights.
- Explains how the brown v. board of education case was one of the first major events that occurred at this time.
- Explains that plessey v. ferguson was inverted and the new ruling was that "separate but equal isn't equal." the first time a jury became integrated was after the hernandez-texas case.
- Explains that the montgomery bus boycott was the biggest and probably most famous boycott during the civil rights movement.
- Explains that the civil rights movement was undeniably significant to our growing as a nation. every race has equal rights and racism is less than back during the times of trouble.
1111 wordsRead More - Equality for African Americans: An American Historyanalytical essayCombining help from the government, African American’s still struggles for equality, fairness, being treated equal by some people, and in some places in the United States/World. But, during that time, the struggle with segregation back in the 1940s was attacked in the neighborhoods, and in the court system. African Americans were tired of this treatment, so they organized in the 1940s, an organization which was called the National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). This organization was for the rights of colored people who were not afraid to fight for justice in the courts, and in this case they fought for segregation rights. Education was main focus point during the trial of the Supreme Court Plessy v. Ferguson (five lawsuits from four states and the District of Columbia) ruling in 1896, which was represented by their counsel Thurgood Marshall. T. Marshall disputed the fact in the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed rights, and why should a child (African American) had to ride a school bus to go to a all “colored...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the government needs to revisit the united states flag pledge of allegiance to remind them of what our county was built on which is equal opportunity.
- Explains that african americans struggled for equality, fairness, being treated equal by some people, and in some places in the united states/world. they organized the national association for advancement of colored people (naacp).
- Explains how the supreme court ruled that public school segregation was unconstitutional under the fourteenth amendment. the federal district courts overturned his decision in may 1955, and they proceeded with the integration of the schools.
- Explains that rosa parks refused to give up her seat for a white passenger, and to sit in the back of the bus, because she wanted to know that she had rights.
- Analyzes how president eisenhower's actions were an embarrassment of racial equality in his home town. he ordered the national guard troops to prevent the african americans from enrolling in the school.
- Explains that eisenhower ordered the 101st airborne of the u.s. army to protect nine african americans as they enrolled and started to attend central high school.
- Explains that segregation did not end in little rock in 1959, and it was proved that with the determination, non-discouragement, bravery of african americans, they did triumph over the massive resistance of this hatred society.
1137 wordsRead More