Agarwal and Tanniru conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of structured versus unstructured interviews, using both novice and experienced interviewers. The experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of the cognitive interview with the standard information requirements interview. However, the experimental results did not indicate that structured interviews enhanced recall. This triggered the experiment using the Cognitive Interview.
This experiment is to test the effects that the Cognitive Interview has on memory and recall. Two hypotheses are tested in this experiment. The use of a theoretically grounded interview technique will provide a more efficient collection of information related to the problem domain. Increased recall is gained at the sacrifice of completeness of recall of each event.
The project researched consisted of a field experiment using forty-two reference librarians in eight academic library sites, in various private and public colleges and universities. Librarians assist patrons in seeking out information from poets to laws and in order to do such a task it requires an assessment of questions from both parties. This made librarians a perfect target for such an experiment. The study was to test the effectiveness and efficiency of the cognitive interview in eliciting episodic knowledge from professionals who are required to provide a customized solution to a variety of inquiries. The episodic knowledge is also known as the “event” that begins with the patron inquiry and ends with the librarian’s resolution of that inquiry. It must also provide efficiency, an elicitation technique should be effective: that is, it should provide “quality” information. ...
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...rienced interviewers with additional training had been used.
In the future elicitation techniques used in systems needs to be explored. It has not been determined whether efficiency or effectiveness is more important.
I think that there could be numerous experiments done on this topic. Cognitive interviews are clearly more effective even if the results are minimal. There should be a study conducted as to which one is more important. They say that it could make an even bigger difference with more experienced interviewers and I am curious if that is so. Does being an experienced interviewer make a difference on memory recall?
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Works Cited
Moody, Janette W.; Blanton, J. E (Summer98). A theoretically grounded approach to assist memory recall during information requirements: Journal of Management Information Systems, vol.15 Issue 1, p79, 20p.
The wording of a question may lead you to believe information that is not true, because it may be incorporated in our memory, this is called a false memory. Because a person cannot remember every detail in a situation, they have to rebuild their memory with subsequent information, this being either through prior experience or influenced memory. Open and close ended questions are important in interviewing, but each should be used at a specific time in an interview. Open ended questions should be to gather information and closed ended questions should be manipulated to confirm information. The start of an interview is when open ended questions should be used. This is because open ended questions help recall information and provide triggers for witnesses. Through open ended questions, the mass of information is given throughout the interview process. Close ended questions should be
McClish, Mark. “Susan Smith” http://www.statementanalysis.com/susan-smith/ Advanced Interviewing Concepts. May 6, 2002. Web, Feb. 7, 2012
recall and the use of too many leading questions during interviews. Method: Participants were tested to see how affected they were by the treatment. hypnosis, those who were found to be medium to highly susceptible. were shown a film of a bank robbery. They were then split into 3 groups - hypnosis group, relaxation group and wake group. Participants were asked to come back a week later and were individually interviewed by being asked to use either the guiding
The aim of the research experiment is to explore the conditions under which unbiased leading questions would influence a child’s memory performance. If young children are asked unbiased leading questions, then their memory performance is going to alter the correct answer. The independent variable is age. Age is an important indicator of how children will view their environment. Age is often inextricably associated with available strategies which children may use to aid in their memory performance. The dependent variable is the number of correct answers. Hence, understanding the children’s limitations will help to understand their version of the truth.
Interviewing requires a lot of careful planning and decision making to improve the likelihood of desirable results. There are many factors that significantly influence the direction of an interview. People conducting interviews must be cognoscente of their actions as to not contaminate the interview. “An Overview of Investigative Interviewing” (1998) is a film that depicts British Police officers conducting an interview with a victim of crime. Immediately at the start of the film, the audience can see several decisions to improve the interview. The interview appears to be taking place in a quiet and secluded office. The interviewee and the officer are seated close and parallel to each other. This setting is beneficial as it removes
Interviews are very popular among most individuals especially researchers and scholars as they attempt to obtain information and data from an interviewee. However, there are many factors that influence the interview and which determines its success or failure. Often, the interviewer takes charge of the situation, and they have the sole responsibility of asking the questions while the interviewee provides an explanation or an answer to the question asked. As a result, an interview can be defined as a consultation or a discussion in person through which information and data are exchanged regarding a particular phenomenon event with the intention of establishing the interviewee’s position. It is easy to tell the mood and success of the interview
Human memory is flexible and prone to suggestion. “Human memory, while remarkable in many ways, does not operate like a video camera” (Walker, 2013). In fact, human memory is quite the opposite of a video camera; it can be greatly influenced and even often distorted by interactions with its surroundings (Walker, 2013). Memory is separated into three different phases. The first phase is acquisition, which is when information is first entered into memory or the perception of an event (Samaha, 2011). The next phase is retention. Retention is the process of storing information during the period of time between the event and the recollection of a piece of information from that event (Samaha, 2011). The last stage is retrieval. Retrieval is recalling stored information about an event with the purpose of making an identification of a person in that event (Samaha, 2011).
Similar studies were done to a different set of college students and they tended to have the same results. After giving as much detail about each memory, the students were interviewed about what they may have written done about what they had remembered. During the last part of the experiment, each of the students were debriefed and asked to guess which memory they believed was false.
Furthermore this article expands upon this subcategory of memory by describing the two types of tasks involved with it: verbal-production ta...
Roebers, C.M., Moga, N., & Schneider, W. (2001). The role of accuracy motivation on children’s and adults’ event recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 78, 313-329.
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control process.
According to Sternberg (1999), memory is the extraction of past experiences for information to be used in the present. The retrieval of memory is essential in every aspect of daily life, whether it is for academics, work or social purposes. However, many often take memory for granted and assume that it can be relied on because of how realistic it appears in the mind. This form of memory is also known as flashbulb memory. (Brown and Kulik, 1977). The question of whether our memory is reliably accurate has been shown to have implications in providing precise details of past events. (The British Psychological Association, 2011). In this essay, I would put forth arguments that human memory, in fact, is not completely reliable in providing accurate depictions of our past experiences. Evidence can be seen in the following two studies that support these arguments by examining episodic memory in humans. The first study is by Loftus and Pickrell (1995) who found that memory can be modified by suggestions. The second study is by Naveh-Benjamin and Craik (1995) who found that there is a predisposition for memory to decline with increasing age.
According to Qualitative Methods in Social Research, the goal of a semistructured interview is “to explore a topic more openly and to allow interviewees to express their opinions and ideas in their own words” (Esterberg 2001: 87). This form of interviewing permitted me to get a deeper understanding of someone else’s perspective about how they see the world around them, particularly the bus usage in Williamsburg. I wanted to interview a person who rode the bus daily and who had created their own perspective of the bus uses in Williamsburg. I created an interview guide that would help me develop a flow of questions that would ultimately reach the main focus of my interview. Since I had chosen to do a semistructured interview I was able to be much freer in my exchange with my interviewee. In the interview, I would ask a question and listen to her answer, and if I felt that I could develop another question from her answer, I did. The conversation flowed and I allowed the interviewee to structure the interview and to order the questions through her
the interview session and this has a great many strengths to it. In partnership with participant
Cognitive Psychology is focused on learning based on how people perceive, remember, think, speak and problem-solve. The cognitive perspective differs in...