European ships chiefly began sailing into southern Australian waters in the 18th century. These left human cargoes behind and, unlike earlier visitors, had an immediate impact on the Aborigines, who suffered interference with their economy and lifestyle as the colonists sought and secured for themselves good sources of water, sheltered positions, and access to fish—all of which were also vital to Aboriginal people. The perception that Australia was quietly “settled” without conflict with the Aboriginal people, an idea that, it has been argued, enabled the concept of “terra nullius” to be maintained, has been substantially revised in recent years. It is now generally acknowledged that resistance took place right from the first tentative encroachments by European nations into Australian waters. The Dutch sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and one Dutch sailor was killed by the Tjungundji (whose hero was the warrior Sivirri). Another Dutch ship visited the area in 1623, but in attempting to kidnap people was met by 200 warriors who drove the sailors away. James Cook, in spite of the popular misconception, also met with some resistance in Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men, after sending away the women and children, stood firm against Cook’s landing. According to Cook’s account of the incident: “We then threw them some nails, beads etc. ashore which they took up and seem’d not ill pleased in so much that I thought that they beckoned to us to come ashore, but in this we were much mistaken, for as soon as we put the boat in they again came to oppose us upon which I fired a musket between the two which had no other effect than to make them retire back where bundles of their darts lay, and one of them took up a stone and threw at us w... ... middle of paper ... ..., and movement controls and restriction of ceremonies meant that Aboriginal people were much more isolated from each other than they had been before. This, together with the influences and impact of European culture, resulted in the development of new artistic styles. In some areas gospel music with a uniquely Aboriginal (or Torres Strait Islander) flavour was written and performed, in others country-and-western music or blues styles developed. More recently have come rock music and modern dance groups such as Bangarra. From the 1950s, new materials and styles came to be used in the visual arts, including watercolours, acrylic paints, pottery, photography, landscape, abstract art, and sculpture. These also reflected the radical changes in lifestyle and economy resulting from permanent European settlement, although the effect varied considerably across the continent.
“a verse for the cheated” discusses the effects of colonialism in Australia. The poem suggests the the European invaders or “tourists” arrive and are ignorant in respect to the Indigenous Australians.
The Aboriginal people of Australia were here thousands of years before European settlement and we forced them to adapt to the changes of environment around them. This change might be for better or worse, but we will never find out. But with the European settlement came the birth of industry, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, manufacture, electricity, gas and water just to name a few.
Kellner, Douglas (1989). Ernesto "Che" Guevara (World Leaders Past & Present). Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 112. ISBN 1555468357.
As white settlers poured across the mountains, the Cherokee tried once again to compensate themselves with territory taken by war with a neighboring tribe. This time their intended victim was the Chickasaw, but this was a mistake. Anyone who tried to take something from the Chickasaw regretted it, if he survived. After eleven years of sporadic warfare ended with a major defeat at Chickasaw Oldfields (1769), the Cherokee gave up and began to explore the possibility of new alliances to resist the whites. Both the Cherokee and Creek attended the 1770 and 1771 meetings with the Ohio tribes at Sciota but did not participate in Lord Dunnmore's War (1773-74) because the disputed territory was not theirs. On the eve of the American Revolution, the British government scrambled to appease the colonists and negotiate treaties with the Cherokee ceding land already taken from them by white settlers. To this end, all means, including outright bribery and extortion, were employed: Lochaber Treaty (1770); and the Augusta Treaty (1773) ceding 2 million acres in Georgia to pay for debts to white traders. For the same reasons as the Iroquois cession of Ohio in 1768, the Cherokee tried to protect their homeland from white settlement by selling land they did not really control. In the Watonga Treaty (1774) and the Overhill Cherokee Treaty (Sycamore Shoals) (1775), they sold all of eastern and central Kentucky to the Transylvania Land Company (Henderson Purchase).
Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a doctor and revolutionary in Bolivia, was assassinated by the American CIA for many political reasons, thus becoming a legend and idol after the Latin American Revolution. In the United States Che is remembered only as a relic of the 1960 revolution. In Europe he became a pop icon among the youth with little or no historical reference. Only in Cuba does his legacy stand for the hope and faith of the Latin American people.
This means looking back at the arrival of Europeans, particularly the legal and political system that were used in the apparent legitimisation of the invasion. Colonisation occurred in 1700’s when Australian soil first became ‘occupied’, not by the indigenous Australians who had lived with and upon the land for centuries before but rather by European colonial fleets who had been in search of undiscovered land. The act of occupation occurred through compliance with international law and the legal doctrine of discovery of uninhabited land; terra nullius. The Australian land was declared void not of inhabitants but rather of ‘organised society united permanently for political action.’ It was declared that those who inhabited the land when it was discovered had no local laws, and as such no
Thomas, Hugh. The Cuban Revolution. New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers. 1971. (755 pages).
These lessons were supposed to be the three main points in forming revolution (Childs 605). These lessons given by Che and the experiences from the Cuban Revolution would later be formalized into the foco theory. Che wrote that those lessons were, “1. Popular forces can win a war against the army. 2. It is not necessary to wait until all conditions for making revolution exist; the insurrection can create them. 3. In undeveloped America the countryside is the basic area for armed fighting.” (Guevara 1). The first lesson is rather straightforward in saying that guerilla can win against popular forces. In a way this statement simplifies things and does not account for other circumstances that are needed for a guerilla force to take on a popular army. The last two points are the most controversial because it went against traditional Marxism and because it discredited the urban class’ contribution to such a revolution (Childs
One of the pieces he published was titled, The Cadre, Backbone of the Revolution (Gerassel 204). A cadre here means, “a cell of indoctrinated leaders active in promoting interests of a revolutionary party” (Merriam-Webster). This was written in 1962, three years after the revolution had taken place and the reality of the aftermath of the revolution was slowly setting into the new regime. The core problem that Che outlined was that they had lost contact with the masses and were out of touch with the people. He wrote about an idea to have a “selective principle” that would demonstrate who the most capable people were of the revolution (Guevara 206). Those people would be promoted to being leaders of the revolution. This idea of a ‘selective principle’ is important because it is the unifying cause for the revolutionaries to rally around. Even though Castro and Che succeeded in having a revolution in Cuba, Che still saw reason to have something to inspire the people to serve. However, he never says what exactly this principle would be besides that it would presumably be the goals of the revolution. It still fits in much of social movement theory that states that there should be a common cause to merit the movement. For all of his writing on the cadre as being a dedicated leader to the cause, Che writes that there does not need to be
The Arrival of the first fleet in 1788 was the beginning of a conflict era. Aboriginal people are living in Australia for thousands of years. When British arrived in Australia they did not understand the lifestyle of Aboriginal people and they did not realise the deep connection that Aboriginal people had to the land. The non-indigenous started to use the land in their own way because Australia was seen as unused and this led to a concept of Terra Nullius (land belong to no one or land that no one owned). The new settlement of whites had devastating impact on indigenous people. Vast number of aboriginal people died after involvement in devastating conflicts with modern settlers and the exposure to diseases also contributed in numbers of deaths. The aboriginal population in 1788 was 1,000,000 (estimated) and by 1900 it had been reduced to 60,000 and there was a threat that this race will extinct soon. The ignorance of whites in past was resulting in creating more difficulties for Aboriginals to survive. An eye for an eye principle means a person who has injured another person will receive the same treatment but to describe the revenge taken by whites from indigenous can be more than one eye. The murder of a European in WA in 1926 was lead to the killing of 30 Aboriginal people in revenge. Similarly another European death led to the deaths of about 70 Aboriginal people.
The first settlers arrived in Australia 35,000 years ago during the great ice age. The sea levels lowered between Indonesia and New Guinea and created a land bridge that would allow nomadic tribes to cross from Southeast Asia. Like many other humans of that era they were hunters and gatherers and traveled from place to place in search of new game. Thousands of years after these drifters arrived; the glaciers thawed and raised the seas once again, which kept the people of Australia permanently there.
-By 1880, many young Australian-born colonists were proud and spoke very proudly of themselves because they were ‘Australian’.
“The Killing Machine: Che Guevara, From Communist Firebrand to Capitalist Brand.” Llosa, Alvaro Vargas. The New Republic. July 11, 2005.
Che was a Latin American revolutionary who wanted to end the poverty in Latin America, and the injustice brought upon by imperialism. Born as Ernesto Guevara in Rosario, Argentina, Che lived a very comfortable life, since both of his parents were from wealthy families. He developed asthma as an infant and his condition affected him for the rest of his life. Because of his illness his mother schooled him until age nine. After high school and college Che attended and graduated from medical school but had an urge to travel. He and his friends became avid travelers when they had time off from school. One of his travels around Latin...
The Australian Aboriginals arrived on the North west coast of Australia some 50,000 years ago, crossing on land bridges caused by changing sea levels (ACME, 2008). They have stayed in Australia to this day, once expanding to about 600 different groups all over the country (though in particular concentration around littoral regions and other large water sources, as demonstrated in Figure 1). When European colonisation began in the 1780s (australia.gov, 2008), a fundamental difference in the two cultures, and cause of much dispute and damage, was a fundamental difference in opinions of surplus. This void of understanding between the native hunter-gatherer culture for which surplus was unnecessary, and the settling, largely agriculturally and pastorally based culture in which surplus was vital, can be said to account for a large part of cultural difference and disagreement.