Etiology of HIV-Associated Dementia
The etiologic agents of the neurologic disease associated with HIV and AIDS are many. Opportunistic infections- cryptococcus, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, are a few of the organic causes of neurologic disease in AIDS patients, but will not be the main focus of this paper. The human immunodeficiency virus in itself is implicated in much of the neurological manifestations of the disease, and it is the effects of the presence of the virus within the central nervous system which is of interest to me in this paper.
With the advent of more effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and thus increased life span of people with AIDS, neurological disorders are becoming a hot topic in AIDS research. In the early days of the epidemic, those infected with the virus could only hope to live for a short time before developing the symptoms of full blown AIDS, and death ensued shortly afterwards. The progress made in treatment in the past two decades has prolonged the lives of people with AIDS, to the point where diagnosis is no longer a sign of imminent debilitation and death, but rather an acknowledgement of a possible long road ahead with the aid of drug cocktails. There is also a strong possibility that the HIV infected person may develop HIV associated dementia after years of living with the disease (1).
HIV associated dementia (HAD) is comprised of a spectrum of conditions from the mild HIV-1 motor cognitive-motor disorder to severe and debilitating AIDS dementia complex. Symptoms begin with motor slowing (2), and may progress to severe loss of cognitive function, loss of bladder and bowel control, and paraparesis . A classification system has been formulated for HIV associated dementia:
Stage 0: Normal
Stage 0.5: Subclinical or Equivocal
Minimal or equivocal symptoms.
Mild (soft) neurological signs.
No impairment of work or activities of daily living (ADL).
Stage 1: Mild
Unequivocal intellectual or motor impairment.
Able to do all but the most demanding work or ADL.
Stage 2: Moderate
Cannot work or perform demanding ADL.
Capable of self-care.
Ambulatory, but may need a single prop.
Stage 3: Severe
Major intellectual disability, or
Cannot walk unassisted.
Stage 4: End-Stage
Nearly vegetative.
3.
Disease may result from the direct presence of the virus in the central nervous system, toxins released from the virus, the body's immunological responses, or any number of other factors. Studies have found that non physiological levels of cytokines in the brain may have an effect of enhancing replication of HIV 3.
“Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by global cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated with impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, behavioural and psychiatric disturbances” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55480/
Subotnik, Rose Rosengard. Developing Variations: Style and Ideology in Western Music. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 20 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1980)16: 752-774
People with dementia may have problems with short-term memory, keeping track of their belongings, keeping up with plans, remembering appointments or travel dates. Many dementias are progressive. This means that symptoms start out slowly and gradually get worse with time. Alzheimer’s and other types of dementia are diagnosed based on careful medical history, a physical examination, laboratory tests, and the characteristic changes in thinking, day-to-day function and behavior related to each
Nerney, C. (2014, April). Dementia. Lecture conducted from Massachusetts’s College of Liberal Arts, North Adams, MA.
Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A history of western music. 8th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. Print.
Dementia is the progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or condition. Dementia can affect the person’s ability to carry out daily activities. For example, the person may forget where they live or they might think they have already done their activities but never did. Dementia can also cause the elderly to become incontinent and can’t control their urinary system. Many people get confused that dementia is a disease. Dementia is not a disease. However, it can lead to a disease or condition. Dementia is more common in the elderly population. It’s normal for people to forget things, but to a certain extent it becomes a critical issue. Depression also plays a role in the affects of dementia. Studies have been made to believe that the biological mechanisms for depression relating to dementia is, “interactions with vascular diseases, changes in glucocorticoid steroid levels that can result in hippocampal atrophy, accumulation of amyloid-[beta] plaques, inflammatory processes, and lack of nerve growth factors” (Heser et al., 2013). Dementia is caused because of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This can also be known as Alzheimer’s Disease. Dementia is the leading cause for Alzheimer’s Disease in the elderly. For all dementia cases, 60 to 80 percent of people with dementia will have Alzheimer’s Disease. The disease has 3 different stages, the early stage, the middle stage, and the late stage. Each of those stages has a variety of symptoms that affects the memory impairment of the person (Wieregna, Bondi, 2011). Also relating to dementia is Parkinson’s Disease and Huntington Disease. These diseases can result in impairment, which can cause challeng...
Wold, Milo, Gary Martin, James Miller, and Edmund Cykler. "Chapter 10." An Introduction to Music and Art in the Western World. Boston Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 240-267. Print.
Have you ever had the feeling when you can’t remember a specific thing and it drives you insane? Well try living with Dementia. Dementia is not a disease; it is a group of symptoms caused by another disease, which produces a progressive loss of cognitive functioning (Psychology Today). People often believe that because of old age, a person may have Dementia, but this is a false accusation. In old age you may forget a few things here and there, but it is only when the symptoms affect the person’s daily life that it can be called Dementia.
During this time, there was war and the inflation caused the aristocracy to decrease and the middle class to increase. Because of this, there was less patronage and musicians were now making money from performances or teaching music. Composers began to specialize in one medium. Most of the music during this time was for home or public performance and more people started to play piano. The music publishing grew since there was a higher demand for amateur music. A new musical idiom came about when composers wanted to make music appealing to amateur performers. The new compositions used new elements such as tuneful melodies with appealing accompaniment, little counterpoint, strong musical imagery, national or exotic associations, familiar chords and progressions interspersed with dramatic or colorful harmonic contrast, predictable four-bar phrasings, simple songlike forms, rhythms that were relatively uniform and evocative titles among other things (Burkholder, p. 602).
...f. Th.Reinach, La musique grecque, Payot, Paris, 1926; C.Sachs, The Rise of Music in the Ancient World, W.W.Norton & Comp. Inc. New York, 1969.
I have researched this topic through various sources and compiled pertinent information to provide adequate information on this. topic. The sym First of all, AIDS is caused by the retrovirus HIV. HIV stands for human immunodef- iciency virus. AIDS itself stands for acquired immune deficiency.
A student of Socrates, a major western civilization influence, and an amazing philosopher, Plato was his name and he was one of the most influential persons in history. Plato was born in Greece in 427 BC and grew up in a wealthy and noble family. He became a philosopher when his teacher, and another great philosopher of Greece, Socrates, was tried and executed in 399 BC. Plato wrote a lot about Socrates in his works of ancient Greece. Plato helped form classical education, and we would not have a good basis for education in America and western civilization. The first school of philosophy in Greece was the school that Plato established, in 387 BC, called the Academy. As a philosopher Plato had many theories. Some of which are still used in philosophy schools today. Plato traveled to Italy, Sicily, and Egypt spreading his philosophy over many different places. Plato’s school taught many of the ancient Greek thinkers, like Aristotle, who went on to teach Alexander the Great, who spread Plato’s and Aristotle’s teachings around the globe. Plato contributed to the thought process that is used in modern science today. Even though he was a mathematician he did not use math to figure things out in science, he used his knowledge of logic and he liked to reason with things and theories.
Burkeholder, Peter J. et al, A History of Western Music, New York, W.W. Norton & Company Ltd, 2010. 626 -632
...is expressed through emotion, imagination, and individuality. The period of Romanticism opened up a new Era to the world and continued that throughout other time periods. The art of self expression had become a new staple in western countries. The distinct qualities of romantic music made it simple to identify any artist and their work. The characteristics described through romantic music inspired composers to create a new form of the art important to them. Romanticism is one of the first ways artists stressed to reach their audiences through deep emotional appeals. Events in history were not always seen as a tragedies but as inspirations for pieces of music. Elements of music, acclaimed musicians lifestyles, famous composers, and the events in history that inspired these composers all are the contributing factors to the influential period of the Romantic Era.