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Colonialism in africa and its effects
Colonialism in africa and its effects
Colonialism in africa and its effects
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Annotated Bibliography
Badru, P. (2010). Ethnic conflict and state formation in post-colonial Africa: A comparative study of ethnic genocide in the Congo, Liveria, Nigeria, and Rwanda-Burundi. Journal Of Third World Studies, 27(2), 149–169.
The research article is a comparative study of genocide in Congo and its surrounding countries. It described Africa’s economic woes, political instability and war as the characteristics that encompassed the 20th century. The author believed that these characteristics led to authoritarian rule. Without legitimate democracies, renegade leaders stilled the opposition with violence and presided over oppressive regimes. This research identifies the historical context from colonization to present day and the significance it had on the country’s rulers. The author is a professor of Sociology and Pan African Studies at the University of Louisville and has authored several books on the region.
Eric, M., Shouyu, C., & Qin, Z. li. (2010). Sustainable urbanization’s challenge in Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Sustainable …, 3(2), 242–254.
With Kinshasa serving as the example of The Democratic Republic of Congo, this article analyzed the challenge of sustainable urbanization. Analysts consider Congo’s urban areas slums and Kinshasa with its 10 million in population is a primary example of it. They also consider Congo’s lack of sustainability a primary concern. The problems consist of a lack of basic services and housing, transportations problems, insufficient income and food insecurity, security problems, pollution, solid waste, potable water, and an a weak power grid. This article complements the research relating to basic services corporations and NGOs can provide to assist...
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...y located in central Africa. It consists of approximately 75.5 million people and is ¼ the size of the United States (The World Fact Book). The nation has long suffered from politically instability and infrastructure sustainability. The nation has been in a proxy war with neighboring Rwanda.
Problem 1 –The Democratic Republic of Congo’s government is corrupt. Throughout the modern history of Congo political leaders have used oppression to silence opposition, outsourced its resources to other entities, and suppressed human rights.
Problem 2 – The Democratic Republic of Congo’s lacks the basic services to supports its infrastructure and sustainability. Currently Congo needs to attract multinational corporations and NGOs to assist in infrastructure and sustainability. Furthermore, Congo needs to invest in its civil servants to maintain any gains in civil services.
The 1990s were a period of extreme ethnic conflict in the former nation of Yugoslavia. In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina passed a referendum for independence, which was not met with an equal enthusiasm amongst the republic's population. The group most against this independence was the Serbian minority, who were convinced by leaders such as Slobodan Milosovic and psychiatrist Jovan Raskovic in the idea of a "greater Serbia." Serbs were told they needed to dominate the surrounding Croats and Muslims based on their psychological superiority. Serb fighters carried out vicious campaigns of ethnic cleansing, killing over 100,000 people with another 1.5 million being forced from their homes to created predominantly Serbian areas. In 1995 Bosnia Croatia and Serbia signed the Dayton peace accords and focus shifted towards Kosovo, where discord had been emerging between the Albanians and the Serbs.
During the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century, King Leopold II of Belgium invaded the Congo and used it to procure more wealth for himself and his nation. In doing so, as many as ten million Congolese were decimated, and they faced unspeakable horrors. Hochschild argues in King Leopold’s Ghost that all actions taken by King Leopold II were done out of nothing more than sheer greed and selfishness, and he used any means necessary to get what he wanted, and manipulated others into following suit by exploiting their own greed and racism. The only way the brutality was combated, Hochschild further goes on to describe, was through the actions of the few with a higher moral character.
By forming the International African Association, King Leopold II took one step forward. He succeeded in convincing his would be competitors that his intention in the Congo was completely selfless. Although the International African Association met the following year, as per agreement, the ...
April 7th 1994 marks the start of on of the worst things ever to happen to human beings, The Rwandan Genocide. It is known that over 800’000 Rwandans were massacred, 800’000 is 20% of the countries population, over 70% of the tutsis were brutally murdered within the 100 day genocide of Rwanda. Both Hutus and tutsis were killed and murdered at the hands of their neighbours machetes. During this compare and contrast essay I will discuss the long and short term causes of both the Rwandan and Congolese Conflicts. I will also discuss how the natives of these two countries were forced to leave their homes and migrate in seek of aid. The genocide was between April 7th and July 15th 1994, therefore it is known as the 100 day war. The genocide or in context the Rwandan Civil War was fought between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Ongoing conflicts began in 1990 between the hutu-led government and the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front). The RPF was created in 1987 by the Tutsi refugee diaspora in Uganda. The first Tutsi refugees fled to Uganda to escape ethnic purges in the beginning of 1959.
... attention allowed economic exploitation in the Congo and its people devastated by human rights abuses, and even today the lack of international attention has caused many conflicts in and around the Congo. The economic exploitation of the Congo during colonial times robbed the country of wealth which could have been used to develop the land, and the lack of wealth has contributed to Congo’s poor standing in the world today. Lastly, the human rights abuses in the Congo Free State contributed to economic and political troubles during the colonial period and has continued into the present day, as human rights abuses are still prevalent in that region of Africa. Due to the lack of international attention, economic exploitation, and human rights abuses, the Congo Free State was harmful to the Congo region of Africa and its legacy continues to harm that region of Africa.
The Rwandan Genocide. A horrible nightmare for many nations, but mainly for Rwanda. After a potential peace treaty going south, the Hutus, viciously murdered close to 1 million Tutsi. The United Nations and the United States stayed out of Rwanda in fear that another Somalia may take place. This paper is taking a look at the sociological ways that explain the chain events. In the tragedy of Rwanda, there have been different sayings of what was the official cause. In this particular case with the Rwandan Genocide the political aspect, the racial divide, and the theory of conflict are the main causes of this genocide.
During the colonial period, soldiers in Congo threatened both adults and children and took away all human rights. King Leopold wanted to make the most money he could in the Congo, but he needed workers
At the height of the conflict, about one third of the country's people were displaced. The chronic financial crisis became severe and the economy was close to collapsing. Poverty has become deeper in the rural areas of the Congo where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. This is a big contributor to the poverty Congo is experiencing today, because little has improved and won’t improve until these problems are fixed. Overall, Central Africa’s dependence on agriculture could improve the wellbeing of the people but a long history of corruption, violence, and prevalent transportation issues have hindered an improvement in the economy resulting in poverty in the region.
One can easily note the physical and sexual violence brought upon the people (black and white) of Congo after independence, but we must locate the other forms of violence in order to bring the entire story of Patrice Lumumba to light. The director’s attempt at bringing the story of Patrice Lumumba to the “silver screen” had political intentions.
1.) The Democratic Republic of Congo, with a population of over 75 million people is currently the second largest country in Africa. However, despite being this large of a country it is the poorest country in Africa and in the world, experiencing extreme poverty. The Democratic Republic of Congo has the lowest gross domestic product per capita in the world, which is defined as a measure of the total output of a country that takes the GDP and divides it by the number of people in the country, in this case the Democratic Republic of Congo. GDP per capita helps determine the global success of a country and portrays the country’s overall standard of living,
When Congo gained its independence from Belgium it struggled to develop and remained a weak state. There were many factors that led to Congo being unable to progress and create strong institutions within its countries borders. “Political divisions along the ethnic lines were prevalent, though this fact could be misleading. Ethnicity became the primary source of political mobilization i...
Over a period from 1960-1965, the first Republic of the Congo experienced a period of serious crisis. There was a terrible war for power that displayed senseless violence and the desperation to rule. There were many internal conflicts among the people. The country eventually gained independence from Belgium. For many countries this would be a time for celebration. Unfortunately for the people of the Congo this became a time to forget. Almost immediately after independence and the general elections, the country went into civil war. Major developed cities like Katanga and Kasai wanted to be independent from the Lumumba government. Different factions started to fight the government and Katanga and Kasai tried to secede from the rest of the country out of fear of the mutinous army that was out of control looting and killing.
In the past ten years the Afghan Government has been dealing with a number of issues that have caused problems for the country, problems such as illegal drug trade, terrorism and violence. But nowadays they are fighting a problem that has long existed between people, and quite recently has taken a whole new aspect to it. Ethnic conflict is the destructive factor that has caused problems between people for generations, often leading to fights, outbreak of violence and grudge between different ethnicities.
...ease of wealth in the country, more people would be able to invest in more things to create a better lifestyle. The only problem with this plan is that when there are good roads more cars will use it, making more pollution. My second way of fixing DR Congo’s world ranking is to improve the framing incentives for all involved with production of food in this country. This would encourage people from other countries to come over to DR Congo and farm, helping produce more food. The down side with this is that some people might make their wealth and then leave, making us return to square one. After doing this report I believe that the better way to heal these problems is my first idea. This is because I think strategy A has more potential and the advantages out way the disadvantages as seen on my decision making matrix. I expect you have learnt something from my speech.
The causes of ethnic conflict cannot be generalised to fit all incidents, as the conflicts in Sri