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Ethical Considerations in Historical Sociological Research Sociology has a seemingly lofty goal - to perceive, explain, and better human experience in the world by understanding patterns of social phenomenon. In order to achieve this goal, researchers have sometimes employed unethical or morally gray stratagem. While those infamous experiments are widely studied and referenced, the notoriety attributed to them is mostly in the form of criticism. These studies raised the need for an ethical code of conduct or ruleset that would serve as a guideline for future sociological research. These principles cover the protection of research subjects, maintenance of honesty and openness, and encourage researchers to use appropriate methods in order to
Upon analyzing his experiment, Stanley Milgram, a Yale psychologist, concludes that people will drive to great lengths to obey orders given by a higher authority. The experiment, which included ordinary people delivering “shocks” to an unknown subject, has raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics after he completes his experiment in her review. She deems Milgram as being unethical towards the subjects he uses for testing and claims that his experiment is irrelevant to obedience. In contrast, Ian Parker, a writer for New Yorker and Human Sciences, asserts Milgram’s experiments hold validity in the psychological world. While Baumrind focuses on Milgram’s ethics, Parker concentrates more on the reactions, both immediate and long-term, to his experiments.
Margaret R.,DeCosse, David, Andre, Claire, & Hanson Markkula, Kirk O. (1988). Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University. Issues in Ethics, V. 1, N. 2. Sobel, Russell S. &
Healthcare ethics is defined as a system of moral principles that guide healthcare workers in making choices regarding medical care. At its core lies our attitudes regarding our personal rights and obligations we have to others. When an unprecedented situation comes into play, we rely on medical ethics to help determine an outcome that would be the best case scenario for all involved. In order to appropriately review this case study, we must first identify the key stakeholders, the ethical principles, policy implications at the federal, state, and local levels, financial implications, and a viable resolution for the situation.
This paper is on a Harvard case study of Pat Parker, a lawyer who conducts political oppositional research and prepares reports. The work is done by contract between Parker and the candidate's campaign. The scenario is that Parker previously provided a report to a campaign, two years later; a group of lawyers who supported the candidate's opponent wants to buy the report plus other materials. The three parts of the paper include: the legal analysis, the ethical analysis and the recommendation for action. The paper considers contract law, copyright law, campaign statutes and codes of ethics. Bibliography lists 6 sources. Pat Parker conducts research grant applications (R01) to investigate ethical issues in human subjects research. The Code of Federal Regulations - Protection of Human Subjects (45 CFR, Part 46) provides a regulatory framework that all Parker-supported researchers must follow. Recent developments in biomedical and behavioral research, however, including the rapid growth of new interventions and technologies, increasing involvement of foreign populations in clinical research, and concerns about financial conflicts of interest among researchers, challenge investigators' abilities to interpret and apply the regulations (Buergenthal, 1995). Other situations (e.g., research with vulnerable populations, the use of data banks or archives, research on stigmatizing diseases or conditions) may present difficulties for identifying strategies, procedures, and/or techniques that will enhance/ensure the ethical involvement of human participants in research. The purpose of this program announcement is to solicit research addressing the ethical challenges of involving human participants in research in order to inform and optimize...
Moreover, ethical issues are ubiquitous within the field of social work. As such, social workers employed in all facets of the profession, whether it is substance abuse, mental health, among many others encounter ethical issues common and specific to each area. According to the article “Ethical Issues in Addiction Counseling” by Cynthia G. Scott (2000), prominent ethical situations specific to the field of substance abuse include, “confidentiality and privileged communication” (p. 213). In her article Scott (2000) discuss the blurred boundaries of confidentiality with regards to group counseling. The author points out the discrepancy in federal confidentiality laws that prevent the practitioner from sharing confidential information disclosed
Francis Bacon helped to pioneer the new science steering people away from Aristotelian teachings. He helped to bring the scientific method to a place of learning from observation and experimentation. He felt that science should be judged by the usefulness of the results (Greenwood, 2009). Bacon projected that many great things might come out of this empirical approach, but what has ensued in the centuries that followed, Bacon and others might not have predicted.
Ethical Issues in Social Work I will provide practical help for new social workers to help them understand and deal with ethical issues and dilemmas which they will face. There are many ethical issues which are important to social work, but I feel that these are all covered by the care value base. The care value base Was devised by the care sector consortium in 1992, this was so that the workers in health and social care had a common set of values and principles which they would all adhere to. It is important because for the first time the social care sector had a clear set of guidelines from which ethical judgements could be made. The care value base is divided into 5 elements - The care value base covers - Equality and Diversity - Rights and responsibilities - Confidentiality - Promoting anti Discrimination - Effective communication Equality and Diversity Carers must value diversity themselves before they can effectively care for the different races, religions and differently abled people they will come across in their caring profession.
Ethical issues are “moral challenges” facing the health care profession (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 127). Ethical issues is a major concern in the healthcare field because healthcare providers observe ethical issues every day and have to make ethical decisions. Advance directives are written documents that addressed an individual’s medical care preferences. These documents usually take effect when patients no longer can make informed health care decisions for themselves. While these documents are helpful to loved ones and health care providers, there are a number of ethical considerations that can make the development and execution of advance directives difficult (Llama, 2014). This author is a geriatric nurse that recently observed an advance directive ethical issue in the clinical setting. The purpose of this paper is to outline the steps of ethical decision-making within the seven steps for the framework. This paper will also identify the facts of the case from the perspective of each person impacted by the situation and identify which ethical principles were involved in the situation.
He debriefed participants thoroughly, gave them the right to withdraw, kept their results private and confidential, and did actually try to protect them from harm; even going as far as to check up on them a year later to check if there was any long lasting damage. The commands Milgram used were appropriate in order to find accurate results for his research and minimal discomfort for the participants was controlled for in the experiment. This demonstrates that Milgram did carry out the correct ethical procedures required, for this kind of experimentation and only using deception when required for the experiments. Because Milgram's obedience studies are often used as the prototypical example of why strong protection of human subjects in research is needed, some researchers, including many psychologists, assume that it was this research that was responsible for the development of stronger federal guidelines and requirements for local institutional review boards (IRBs). It can be argued that few studies in the history of psychology have produced, or at least contributed to, so many seminal changes in psychology. Because of Milgram's obedience research, psychologists have become more acutely aware of ethical issues in their research, and the result has been changes in ethics codes and procedures for the review of research proposals in universities, government and military agencies, and federal funding agencies. Moreover, the obedience studies resulted in sweeping changes in the broad fields of personality and social psychology, including a diminution of the importance of person or trait variables accompanied by an exceptionally strong emphasis on the power of situations as behavioral determinants, new models that highlighted person-by-situation interactions, new interpretations of linkages of attitudes and behaviors, and a shift in research from laboratory studies to field
... had a positive outcome. I believe that it makes the results more accurate when the people don’t know that they are being studied. People do act more comfortably and this is definitely a way to obtain the best results, as opposed to people who know they are being studied and tend to provide different answers. Humphrey also uses statistics to show the percentages of people who were involved in such behaviors to show us where they come from and what their social environments were like. Nowadays, it is unethical to do so and to collect data and study people without their consultation as it can invade privacy. This study raises fundamental questions on the moral fabric and the role of religious and political institutions in giving direction on covert deviant actions. The most “flawless” people we perceive in society are those who engage the most in such deviant behavior.
Within this paper, it will be exploring the descriptive ethical implications of using ethnographic research when studying criminal gangs. In order to proceed to do this, this paper will explain the difference between descriptive and normative ethics, as well as what ethnographic research is and why it is a method used to provide information on criminal gangs. Thus, this paper will analyze the importance of this topic and try to provide further explanation of why there are descriptive ethical implications and also the importance of studying criminal gangs using ethnographic research. To inquire more in-depth research on how descriptive ethics impact the use of ethnographic research, this paper will be an informant on what descriptive ethics
Ethics, though sometimes overlooked, are an integral part in conducting proper research. Though the primary goal of the researcher may be to find answers that support his hypothesis—particularly, positive results that successfully can apply to the general population—maintaining ethical conditions is also just as important, if not more. Some of the most infamous studies that have occurred in the social sciences field throughout the years were ones that raised ethical concerns. One such study is known as the Landis Facial Expression Study that was conducted in 1924 by Carney Landis, who was a graduate student in psychology at the University of Minnesota at the time.
The reason why I think of this is because of how Humphreys performed the research and what was his topic. His topic for his book is unethical because it is not based on any sociology. Sociology is the development of the human structure; Humphreys did not follow this rule when he was creating the topic so it made it unethical and unreasonable. Furthermore, his research was also unethical; by the way he did his research, it was shown that Humphreys had took pictures of license plates so that he could find the home addresses and interview with his experiments. This is wrong because it violates privacy to the men he was interviewing with; also, Humphreys have not told them what the reason for the interview was, so it let them in a confused reaction into wanting to know why. Overall, both the topic and the research process for Humphreys books was
Ethical issue refers to a situation or problem that needs an organization or a person to make a choice between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical), good or bad. Hence, ethics in marketing research refers to the moral values or principles that a research company or a researcher that should take into consideration, as the situations of ethical dilemmas often occurs in the marketing research industries. Perhaps, as the utilization of marketing research continues to increase, ethical issues in marketing research also continues to arise. For example, it can be happen in the relationship between the client and researcher, between the research subject and the researcher, and between the marketing
Becoming advocates for social scientists have both benefits and drawbacks. On the good side, Gutting (2012) says that it can supplement general knowledge, critical intensity, practical experience and good sense. Gutting also says that scientists know where a certain piece of work falls in their relevant discipline. This allows them to be good advocates. Taking sides also allows social scientists to help curb harmful behaviors by conducting research on their harmful effects and discouraging the behaviors with facts. Examples are effects of drugs and substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors etc.