In the area of prediction of the reshaped profile of slopes, Popov (1960) [13] investigated the stable slopes in coastal area by means of physical modeling. The stability of reshaped profile in rubble mound breakwaters with rock or concrete cube armors was studied by Priest et al. (1964) [14]. Van der Meer (1992) released the first version of his computer software, named "BREAKWAT [15]", in order to predict the reshaped profile in berm breakwaters. According to the studies performed by Lykke Anderson (2006), Van der Meer (1992) method predicts the reshaped profile of dynamically stable berm breakwaters (H0T0>70) with acceptable accuracy. But for statically stable berm breakwaters (H0T0>70) "BREAKWAT" software predicts overestimated damage for the breakwater. Besides, in this method, the cross-section area of eroded and accumulated parts are supposed to be equivalent, while according to the experimental results, because of the material compression phenomenon, these two areas are not necessarily equal. Ezabad et al. (2005) [16] presented a computer software named "IB" in which the reshaped profile of a rubble mound structure could be estimated, using some equations based on statistical models.
2. Experimental data
A total number of 412 test results are used in the present study, which are obtained from the experiments carried out by Moghim (2009) [17] and Shekari (2013) [18].
The ranges of these effective parameters covered in the tests are listed in Table 2. The material properties related to different armor and filter layers are listed in Table 3.
3. Model tree
Model tree is one of the machine learning approaches which makes the complex configuration of some modeling subjects appear to be insoluble by dividing them into simpl...
... middle of paper ...
... of error for these estimations is given in Table 12.
6. Conclusions
In this study with a total of 412 tests and implementing the M5' machine learning approach, seven new formulas for seven fundamental reshaping parameters are driven. By means of these seven equations, a geometric algorithm in a computer program is written which could predict the reshaped profile in seaward slope of berm breakwater. The following results can be drawn from the present study:
- The predictive accuracy of the model trees, although it builds linear regression models, was observed to be high enough in the estimation of the equations for reshaping parameters
- According to Figure 7 to 14 and Table 11, the new program which is introduced in this study shows better results for validation indices comparing to those of BREAKWAT3 in the range of parameters governed by the existing datasets.
The results of this experiment are shown in the compiled student data in Table 1 below.
To complete this lab several chemicals must be measured and transferred to test tubes. First 5.0 mL of 0.200 M Fe(NO3)3 must be diluted to a total volume of 50 mL in a flask. Next 0.0020 M SCN–. This solution is then added to 4 test tubes in 1 mm increments. Each test tube is then put in to
concentrations of 10mM, 20mM and 40mM. What this finding tells us is that our manipulation
The theoretical basis for the structural design of bridge is well established. In contrast, the mechanics of flow and erosion in mobile-boundary channels has not been well defined and it is
perforated aluminium pans and sealed. The sample was purged with pure dry nitrogen at a flow rate of 50 ml/min. DSC scan was carried from 0-300 0C at a heating rate
analysis. The model is illustrated with the analysis a real dataset, previously analyzed by citet{Bonat2013}.
The landslide has progressively moved over the last hundreds of years. A number of research papers that contain measurements and trends of the movement of the landslide have been published. Donnelly (2006) provided a comprehensive overview of the movements of the landslide and the surrounding areas, paying particular attention to the effects on the A625. The road began to crack around 1910 with 2.5m of subsidence measured in the January of 1915...
Polman, H., Orobio De Castro, B. & Van Aken, M. A.G. (2008). Experimental Study of the
From looking at the results I can conclude that when the pH was 3 and
Rock and fluid properties are the building blocks in any reservoir engineering study that lead to the formulation of a successful reservoir management strategy. Sometimes the study involves the estimation of oil and gas reserves based on a simple analytical approach, as demonstrated in this chapter. On a separate note, performance prediction of oil and gas reservoir is done by multidimensional simulation models and robust multiphase. Regardless of the study and related complexity, the reservoir engineer must have a sound understanding of the rock properties involved. What is more important is the knowledge of the variability of rock properties throughout the reservoir and how heterogeneous reservoirs perform in the real world. It is a common observation that rock properties vary from one location to another in the reservoir, often impacting reservoir performance. Some reservoir analyses are based on the assumption that a reservoir is homogeneous and isotropic, implying that the rock properties are nonvariant and uniform in all directions. In fact these conditions are so idealized that are rarely met in the field. Various geologic and geochemical processes leave imprints on a reservoir over millions of years, leading to the occurrence of reservoir heterogeneities that are largely unknown prior to oil and gas production. For example, the occurrence...
Interpretation The graph 1shows the extraction of the components on the steep slope. The first 5 components are the part of steep slop. The components on the shallow slope contribute little to the solution. The components nine to nineteen are the part of shallow slop. The big drop occurs between the sixth and ninth components, so first 5 components are used for further analysis. The scree plot confirms the choice of six components.
Five clean and dry test tubes are obtained and labeled 1-5. Each is filled with exactly 2.50 mL of .200 M Fe(NO3)3 using a burette. Then 0.50 mL of 0.002 M KSCN solution is added to test tube 1. 0.75 mL of 0.00200 M KSCN is added to test tube 2 and so on in increments of 0.25 mL. Finally, enough 0.5 M HNO3 is added to each test tube so that the final volume is equal to 10.0 mL. Each test tube is mixed and then the contents of each are added to a cuvette and tested within a spectrophoto...
Conventional breakwaters are massive in size and generally associated with large scales in construction materials, effort and cost. The development of large breakwater schemes with poor design and management may trigger a number of adverse effects on neighbouring coastal environment, e.g. large amount of wave reflection, alteration of beach morphology, water quality deterioration and change of marine ecosystem. To alleviate the above problems, various ingenious designs of light-weight breakwaters have been proposed, tested and constructed in the past as alternatives to the conventional breakwaters, one of which is the free surface breakwaters.
Method validation is very important for the method application. It can determine the method performance characteristics and check if they meet the requirements for specific intended use. There are four advantages for method validation. The first one is that it can help the laboratory ensure the method can meet the accreditation requirement. For example, if the laboratory needs to have HOKAS certification, the method validation da...
The field of slope stability encompasses static and dynamic stability of slopes of earth and rock-fill dams, slopes of other types of embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and soft rock. Slope stability investigation, analysis (including modeling), and design mitigation is typically completed by geologists, engineering geologists, or geotechnical engineers. Geologists and engineering geologists can also use their knowledge of earth process and their ability to interpret surface geomorphology to determine relative slope stability based simply on site observations.