Treponema pallidum 2
Introduction
Treponema pallidum is a Gram-negative bacterium that has a spiral shape (1). They are about 6 to 20um in length and 18-20um in diameter (1). Treponema pallidum can only survive within a host which makes them obligate internal parasites, meaning that outside a host this organism will die due to the absence of nutrients, exposure to oxygen and heat. Also since this organism can’t be grown on a culture medium, animal models are used to study T. pallidum (1). Treponema pallidum bacteria consist of an inner and outer membrane with a thin peptidoglycan cell wall lacking liposaccharides (1). They have a distinctive corkscrew motility with the aid of 6 endoflagellas (2). The specific classifications of Treponema pallidum are the following: Scientific name- Treponema pallidum, Common name- Syphilis. Treponema causes syphilis, yaws, and spinta. Borrelia causes Lyme disease and relapsing fever and Leptospira causing leptospirosis (5). What makes this microorganism special to the human population is that it causes infection to its host by entering the body through microscopic skin or mucous abrasions via direct personal contact with the lesions (sexual or kissing), blood transfusions, accidental bacterial inoculation, and transplacental passage (2). According to the CDC website there are 55,400 people diagnosed with Syphilis every year and 322 reported cases of congenital Syphilis in 2012 (6).
Treponema pallidum 3
Mechanism of Pathogenesis
Treponema pallidum is transmitted sexually through oral, anal, vaginal intercourse and from mom to baby during pregnancy or during birth (1). The human host is the only natural known for Treponema pallidum but testing can be done on rabbits for p...
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...ell wall synthesis (8). Individuals who are allergic to Penicillin can be treated with alternative oral antibiotics such as Tetracycline or Doxycycline (3). These antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis (8). During the course of treatment the individual should abstain from sexual contact with their partner until there are no sign and symptoms of the disease or confirmation of a negative blood work. Also individuals should be annually tested and receive necessary treatment if needed to reduce the risk of infecting others (6). Syphilis can be prevented in many ways. First and foremost is by being in a mutually monogamous relationship, the correct use of latex condoms if you are not in a monogamous relationship, also by providing education about the damages the disease can cause and how it can be prevented by not spreading the disease with one another (6).
The Gram positive bacteria has been nicknamed Posi. The Gram positive species’ morphology includes having an opaque opacity with a smooth margin. The moisture content of the Gram positive species is shiny and the pigmentation is gold. The Gram positive species grows at an optimal temperature of 37°C. The shape of the Gram positive species is a cocci, with an arrangement of grapelike clusters. The Gram positive species’ size ranges from .5-1.5 µm. Oxygen requirement of the Gram positive species is facultative, and has complete lysis of red blood cells. All results are summarized in Table
Most people in the U.S. learn STDs in their health class in high school. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that causes sores over private parts or all over the body in a later stage. Syphilis is caused by a bacteria called spirochete. The spirochete cannot survive outside the body. The only way to get the disease is by intimate contact, but catching it is rare. Having more than one partner could increase the chances to catch the disease. The spirochete enters in a break in your skin genitals area or mouth. Once in your body, about three weeks it becomes a sore or have multiple sores. The sore looks like a crater on the surface of the skin. In the first stage it can be treated easily with antibiotics or penicillin. The second stage the syphilis spreads to the rest of the body. It is visible in your hand and soles on your feet. It can cause cardio-vascular disease, mental problems, paralysis, blindness and tumors. Syphilis has links to HIV/AIDS. It also attacks your nervous system. After infection it takes 21 to develop any symptoms for other people it takes from 10 to ninety days. It acts like no other disease known. The last stage is the deadliest if ignored, by the person. The damage obtained by syphilis is irreversible. By practicing safe sex (condoms), or having one sex partner can prevent these
Bacteria vaginosis is treated with antibiotic medications (CDC). Metronidazole is commonly used. Metronidazole treatment does not adversely affect lactobacilli so they are able to recolonize the vagina and reduce the risk of late-stage relapse (Catlin, 1992). The cephalosporins available in the late 1970s were not very active against G. vaginalis.
Is being numinous more satisfying when you don't have moral concepts to add on to that belief?
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses.
B. burgdorferi is a spirochete bacteria in the same family as the bacteria that causes syphilis (“What do Lyme Disease”). It is gram negative and it contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan with a substance similar to LPS on its outer membrane (Todar). There are three genospecies, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii...
T. vaginalis is a pear-shaped organism that moves itself with four whip-like flagellas that protrude from its front end. A fifth flagellum attached to a flowing membrane that extends rearward. T. vaginalis is a non civilized eukaryotic organism that is in most respects similar to other eukaryotes, but its energy metabolism bears a stronger resemblance to that of anaerobic bacteria. Trichomoniasis is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Even though the symptoms of trich varies from host to host , most people who have STI parasite can't tell they are infected. The scientific name is Trichomonas Vaginalis. More common names are trich, vaginitis, ureitis. Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the common sexually transmitted microorganisms in the world, with an estimated 170 million cases occurring each year. The disease is still poorly understood, and some practitioners continue to question its value. However, there is growing evidence that shows that T vaginalis is an important pathogen, in its own right due to the “immediate” morbidity associated with the disease, and more importantly for its role in the promotion of premature rupture of membranes, premature labor, and low birth weight and the likely capability of getting HIV. While a slightly increased risk for HIV (Bowen,2000) transmission may have minor significance for an individual, it may be of considerable value at the community level. T vaginalis was first discovered by Alfred Donne in 1836, when he notice the presence of motile microorganisms in women with frothy vaginal discharge and pruritus. (Beigi,2012) Decades later In the United States, the number of ...
In short, neurosyphilis is a part of the latency stages of syphilis. Its symptoms are easily treated and eliminated when the disease is detected and properly treated. If diagnosed with syphilis, one should quickly seek treatment through antibiotics. Left untreated, syphilis can severely impact quality of life in that it impairs the central nervous system and long term complications with the disease can possibly cause death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2013). Luckily for Natasha K., her neurosyphilis was detected and treated with penicillin with the help of Sacks. Not only was she cured, she maintained the “mild disinhibition” (Sacks, 1998, p.104) that she wanted. Her case is just one of the many cases in Sacks book that explain the neurological basis of behavior.
There is little at face value that would alert an educated individual to the severity and the danger of Syphilis – the bacterium which causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum, appears as nothing more than a simple bacterium. The bacterium is spiral in shape, and is classified as Gram Negative (meaning that the bacterium lacks a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall). Syphilis infects it's victims through a limited number of ways – the most common way, however, is by entrance through chafed, cracked skin and through mucous membranes. Because of this, Syphilis is so effectively transmitted through sexual contact and sexual activity that it is primarily known as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI). However, Syphilis does not limit itself to only the aforementioned modes of transportation. The disease is also effectively transmitted through blood transfusions, not to mention the passing of Syphilis from mother to child in the womb during pregnancy (CDC 2007).
Good hygiene practices are also promoted to help prevent impetigo. Steps as simple as washing hands and showering regularly can reduce the chances of coming across this bacteria. Also, doctors encourage special attention given to areas with a broken barrier of protection. These areas are advised to be kept extra clean and away from possible transmitters of Impetigo.
This parasite is spread through the bite of sandflies. There are three different types of infections and they each show varying degrees of severity. The cutaneous form produces mild skin ulcers, mucocutaneous produces ulcers in the mouth and nose, and the visceral form of the disease starts with skin ulcers and then fever, low red blood cell count, and an enlarged spleen and liver. The parasite is detected by a microscope and visceral can also be found by doing blood tests. 12 million people are in infected in 98 different countries and 2 million new cases are found every year. The disease also kills around 20 to 50 thousand people a year.
There are different species of trichinella that can cause human disease, which has much disturbance worldwide. There are several species of trichinella that have been discovered. They include T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. native (Artic bears), and T. britovi (carnivores of western Asia and Europe) (CDC, 2012). In the United States, there are less cases reported now than in the past. In the 1940’s, the United States Public Health Services began tracking the number of trichinellosis cases. There were 400 cases in the United States each year on average (CDC, 1997-2001). From 2008 to 2010, 20 cases were reported each year on average (CDC, 2012).
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs, a.k.a venereal diseases, infectious diseases passed from one person to another during sexual contact. STDs are the most common infections known. More than 12 million people in the United States, including 3 million teenagers, are infected with STDs every year. The United States has the highest STD rate in the world about one in ten Americans will contract an STD during his or her lifetime. People who do not know they are infected risk infecting their sexual partners and, in some cases, their unborn children. If left untreated, these diseases may cause pain or may destroy a woman's ability to have children. Some STDs can be cured with a single dose of antibiotics, but AIDS cannot be cured. Those most at risk for contracting STDs are people who have unprotected sex—without using a condom, people who have multiple partners, and people whose sex partners are drug users who share needles. Static’s show that Americans between the ages of 16 and 24 are most likely of catching STDs than older adults, because younger people usually have multiple sexual partners than an older person in a long-term relationship. Teenagers may be embarrassed to tell their sexual partners they are infected Teenagers may also be embarrassed or unable to seek medical attention for STDs. This means that they only more likely to pass the disease to other young people and have a greater risk of suffering the long-term consequences of untreated STDs. STDs are transmitted by infectious bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and single-celled organisms called protozoa that live in warm, moist parts of the body, like the genital area, mouth, and throat. Most STDs are spread while having sex, but oral sex can also spread disease. Some STDs are passed from a mother to her child while pregnant, when the disease enters the baby's bloodstream, during childbirth as the baby passes through the birth canal, or after birth, when the baby drinks infected breast milk. AIDS can be transmitted by blood contact such as open wounds, between people who share infected needles or received through an injection of infected blood. Some people believe that STDs can be transmitted through shaking hands or other casual contact, or through contact with inanimate objects such as clothing or toilet seats, but they can’t. Chlamydeous, is from trachoma is bacterium, is the most commonly transmitted STD in the United States.
Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus anthracis (buh-SIL-us an-THRAY-sus). The Bacillus anthracis can exist in two different forms: favorable form, when the bacteria are rod-shaped and can grow and divide, or the unfavorable form, when they form a very resistant dormant spore that helps them survive extreme environmental conditions. Like other bacteria, Bacillus anthracis is very small, only about 1 by 9 micrometers in size. It is Gram-positive, which makes the bacteria purple-pinkish rods, with a relatively long lifespan of over 70 years. Bacillus anthracis feed on iron, oxygen, water, and nutrients to survive and reproduce. Bacillus anthracis need a favorable environment, but can reproduce in many different ways, either through spore germination, asexual bacterial reproduction, or formation of new spores. Herbivore animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary target of these bacteria and can be infected when they breathe in or ingest spores in contaminated soil, plants, or water. These elliptical shaped spores have thick and layered walls which make it resistant to heat, dryness, ultraviolet light, and gamma radiations. These spores initially develop inside the rod-shaped form, causing it to be named endospore. Because the bacteria is zoonosis, which means that it affects domestic and wild animals primarily, it is very rare for people to be infected by anthrax, but it is theoretically possible when the spores get into the body either through coming in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Even though people can be infected with anthrax through animal contacts, it is not contagious, meaning that it cannot be transmitted from a person to person. After the spores get ...