Introduction to the Titicaca region
Archaeologists date human occupation in the Titicaca region back to at least 10,000 years, with the appearance of hunter-gatherers. The first occupation of the Titicaca Basin is believed to have begun in the Early Archaic period. The occupants lead a hunters/gatherers/fishers kind of lifeway until about 2000 to 1500 BC. At the same time people gradually started to settle in permanent villages and to rely on agriculture and lake resources. From around 1300 to 800 BC some moderately ranked simple chiefly societies developed in the region. The period from 800 BC to AD 500 was a time of complex chiefly development in some parts of the Basin. An early state society known as Tiwanaku evolved by AD 500 or so, and by AD 800 the Tiwanaku sate had established colonies or trade relationships over the entire Titicaca Basin, essentially defining the south-central Andean cultural region (Stanish, 2003). The Tiwanaku state collapses between AD 1000 and 1200 and the Inca, the last indigenous Andean state took control over the region in the late fifteenth century AD.
The Titicaca Basin situated on the boundary between the modern states of Peru and Bolivia is dominated by tropical wet-dry seasons. Erickson (1988) describes the region as having an average temperature of -14oC and 22oC in the dry season, and in the rainy season between -5oC and 23oC. Therefore, frost can occur at any time of the year, which makes the Titicaca Basin a risky environment for agriculture. The altiplano, an alluvial plain area enriched with rainfall activities that are variable throughout the year, provides many limitations to agriculture. Ellenberg (1979) notes that the ecology of the altiplano and the Andes in general has been great...
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...inctions in size, status, and function” (1991). Kolata continues to state that this settlement hierarchy implies “a nested, quadripartite division” of administrative and primary production responsibilities. As seen in the archaeological records, such hierarchical settlement system is an indication of an integrated state. Therefore, Kolata concluded that the Tiwanaku state must have maintained a high degree of administrative efficiency and centralization of agricultural production. Moreover, Kolata concluded that the intensification of agricultural production through large-scale control along the margins of Lake Titicaca was an economic strategy of the Tiwanaku state that was successfully planned and managed by a centralized government.
In contrast, o Early formative o Middle formative o Upper formative o Tiwanaku period o Late Intermediate period o Inca period
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One example of the hydrologic cycle is of the rainforest in the Republic of Pan...
Throughout the Salem Witch Trials, a man named Samuel Parris had purchased a slave named Tituba who would then be accused of being a witch(Rebecca Brooks, 2013).. The Salem Witch Trials involved many people put to blame for being witches is they acted different, or acted out of the norm within their society. The witch hunts all began in the year of 1692 within the area of Salem. During the year of 1692, many people were being accused of being a witch and being thrown into jail. There were some conformations that Tituba was a witch as well from the people who lived around her.
The lives of Native Americans from as early as 800 B.C.E. in present-day Mexico and Central America depended heavily on the knowledge and technology passed down from previous tribes. The impact this has had on developing Mesoamerican societies can be seen in records of their history. Having the way of life of a tribe documented can help prove the significance of these accomplishments.
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Quapaw, Osage, and Caddo have many similarities as well as differences. For example: their religion, food acquisition, food production, and social structure. In this essay, there will be comparisons between the tribes as well as distinctive differences in each tribe. In this paper, information about these tribes will be further explored.
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700 C.E.(1,2,5). These were a people of nature. At the height of their society at around
Roughly half of Bolivia is covered in forests. However, this amount is decreasing yearly due to a variety of economic and social causes that are representative of the developing world. In the last decade, Bolivia is one of the ten countries with the highest rate of forest loss (Muller, Muller, Schiehorn, Gerold, Pacheco). Until the mid 1980’s, the Bolivian forests were unaffected because the country’s revenue came from mining and agriculture within the communities (Muller, Pacheco, Montero). However, the collapse of tin mining led the unemployed miners to settle and begin farming. Also around this time, mechanized agriculture started to be favored because of the ability for greater trade. The three major sources of deforestation in Bolivia
in the region began to develop prior to and upon the arrival of the “Paleo-Indian tribe, circa 7000 B.C. to 4500 B.C.”
Bennett, W., & Bird, J. (1964). Andean culture history. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.
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The State is a relatively recent phenomenon in human history, emerging somewhere between 6000-3500 B.C. (Ember, Ember, Peregrine, 2005.) Thus a critical issue for anthropology must be: what is the state and why and how did it appear? The most widely accepted definition of the state is an organization which attempts to maintain a monopoly on the use of force and violence in a given territorial area (Rothbard, 2009, p. 11). These powers include the ability to collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and direct and enforce laws (Carneiro, 1970). Another way of looking at the state is by distinguishing the way it acquires wealth. According to Franz Oppenheimer, there are two means for acquiring wealth – the political means and the economic means. The state uses the political means which is the “unrequited appropriation of the labor of others”. The economic means is the exchange of one’s own labor for the labor of others, for the satisfaction of needs (Oppenheimer, 1922, p. 30). States are not to be confused with chiefdoms – which is “a society with centralized but not internally specialized authority” (Spencer, 2010, p. 1). The purpose of this paper is to describe the three frequently discussed theories on the origin of the state: hydraulic theory (irrigation), circumscription, and territory expansion model (local and long-distance trade). I will discuss, critique, and implement all three theories in my own view of the state.