From four stroke engines to gas turbine engines, the Otto Company to Rolls Royce, engines and propulsion systems have changed the world we live in for almost one hundred and fifty years. With each passing year, something new arrives; something more complex yet more advanced in the terms of propulsion systems. Even though these systems may seem to¬¬¬ change every year and may seem more complex, the principle behind the structure has remained virtually, the same since the first internal combustion engine, created by Nicolaus August Otto in the late 1800s. The principle has remained the same so much so, that the four stroke system we know today is often referred to as the “Otto cycle”. Through time, there have been slight variations in manufacturing of the four stroke system but they all operate off similar principles to that of the Otto Cycle. The four stroke engine has become so diverse that it can be seen in a number of different vehicle types such as cars, trucks, trains, marine vessels and of course aircraft; each with their own slight differences to help them perform within their required environment. This can be seen with aircraft that use jet turbines instead of piston engines for the plain and simple fact of it being the environment they operate in. This may refer to the heights some aircraft fly at as well as the speeds they may cruise at to identify what would be the most appropriate propulsion mechanism to use for the given scenario.
Nicolaus Otto, born in 1832, was a German inventor who is best known as the inventor of the first internal combustion engine in which it efficiently burnt fuel directly in a piston chamber, after being inspired by Étienne Lenoir who created the first two stroke engine. Although Otto may have...
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... engines have had some various types of engine models developed based off the original however, each model may be slightly different with looks, operations or size but really, the principle behind each variation is still exactly the same. This is quite easy to identify with turbine engines also as the gas turbine engine is the basis of all turbines with variations and modifications made based off the gas turbine. Turbine may be slightly more expensive to operate rather than the piston engine however, the reliability of the turbine engine is significantly higher showing it may be the choice of propulsion in terms of safety. Once again though depending on where the aircraft will be used and how this may not always be the case. Pistons or Turbines, Rolls Royce or the Otto Company all strive to achieve the same thing in a different way, provide a source of propulsion.
Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school competition.
The Wankel rotary engine named after the designer, Felix Wankel, was engineered in the early 1930’s. The rotary engine was unlike the conventional four stroke internal combustion engines and lacked the need for pistons, valves and camshafts. With only three moving parts involved in the design, this engine showed great promise in reliability and efficiency. The first Wankel rotary model was shown in 1960, not as an engine, but as a pump drive. Instead of the very complicated system involved in a conventional reciprocating piston engine, the wankel engine incorporated triangular “rotors” (see figure 1) that rotate within an epitrochoidal chamber around an eccentric shaft. Not only is this engine much more simple (only 3 moving parts rather
New technology is arriving every day. The greatest invention during this time was the steam engine. The creation of the steam engine was credited to James Watt. There had been other steam engines before James Watt’s, but none of them were efficient. Watt’s engine was the first efficient engine that could be used in a factory.
In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit. By doing making this decision it showed that Ford had decided to concentrate his job and work to industrial pursuits. His promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893 gave him enough extra time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on internal combustion engines. (Yenne 150.) In 1896 his experiments produced a result; he made a quadricycle that had a steering wheel and a two speed engine with no reverse. (Teachers D.) Although this sounds like a very impressive feat Ford was not the first to build a self-propelled vehicle with a gasoline engine.
The first man who had a hand in the steam engine was Thomas Savery. In 1698, Savery patented an “engine to raise water by fire”. The machine was used as a pump, which began by water being heated to vaporize it, causing it to fill a tank with steam, then the steam created a vacuum by isolating the tank from the steam source and condensing the steam....
Recent advances in propulsion, energy, light-weight materials, and management and stability systems have combined to provide an instant of possible innovation. What will be accomplished these days couldn't are earned even some years ago. Technological and scientific advances have resulted in an
The steam engine was an innovative new way to produce power. In 1698 British inventor and engineer Thomas Savery obtained the first patent on the steam engine. In 1769 James Watt patented an improved version of the steam engine. In 1782 James Watt developed the double-acting steam engine. The double-acting steam engine doubled the steam engine’s output. The double-acting steam engine was quickly adopted by the people working on the first steamboat. The creation of the steam engine allowed the extraordinary idea of a steamboat to become rea...
We've all seen them before, the mysterious chunks of metal under the hoods of our cars. They start when we turn the key and take us where we want to go. But how does an engine work? Internal combustion engines are a very important part of everyday life. We use them in our cars, trucks, airplanes. boats, snowmachines, 4 wheelers, and heavy machinery. These pages will help familiarize you with the basic concepts of how an engine works, an understanding of engine output, and some information on how forced induction or "boost" increases power output.
7.Internal combustion engine is different from the external combustion engine such as steam or stiring in which energy to a working fluid is supplied is not mixed with, or contaminated by the products of combustion. Working fluid may be hot air, pressurized water is heated in the boiler. Engines are generally powered by energy dence fluids such as gasoline or diesel liquid derived from fossil
The concept of utilizing steam to produce power was not unheard of before the 17th century. The observation of steams potential to produce power was recorded as early as 130 BCE by Hero, the Elder of Alexandria. In his works titled Pneumatics, Hero observed that if one “places a caldron over a fire … a ball shall revolve on a pivot”. (Woodcroft, 1851) Some 1,613 years later the next reference to a machine operated by steam can be found in the works of a German Protestant Minister named Mathesius. Johann Mathesius ministered in Joachisussthal which was, in 1563, the largest silver mine in Europe. In his work Serepta, Mathesius “hints at the possibility of constructing an apparatus similar in its operation and properties to those of the modern steam engine.” (Ambrosius, 1936) From the time of Mathesius’ abstract mention of a steam powered engine, many engineers partook in reshaping and improving the engine. One of the best examples of this is an English military engineer named Thomas Savory. In 1699, Savory engineered a steam powered “pumping engine, essentially the same as the simple injector of today” which fittingly came to be known as the Savory engine. Post Savory the next mentionable development to the steam engine came in 1705 from an engineer named Thomas Newcomen. The Newcomen engine used atmospheric pressure to fire a piston. This design, although highly innovative for its time, was extremely inefficient. At the height of its design through many alterations by various engineers, the atmospheric engine “used about one half of the steam that was generated for [it] to warm up the cylinder and piston on each stroke”.
In the following years Ford learned how to work and service steam engines. In 1883 the Edison Illuminating Company hired him, he later earned the position of chief engineer. After two years of working non stop Henry Ford made the first Quadricycle that did not need to be pulled by a horse. That same year Ford meet his role model, invertor Thomas Edison, he encouraged Ford to ma...
The Ramjet engine is of significant importance due to the role that it played in the past and its potential in the future. In the past, it has been mostly used in missiles, Zaehringer & Whitfield (2004) with some applications in aircraft technology, Brossier et al. (1994). Its simplicity, having no moving parts, makes it a very attractive topic to be studied upon. Essentially, a typical ramjet engine can be divided into sections of inlet, burner and nozzle. The engine uses its high speed to compress the air which flows through the intake; the ramming effect. The ram air is then used to burn a fuel, Zaehringer & Whitfield (2004). The exhaust from the combustion then passes through a nozzle which accelerates the flow. Since the exit velocity is greater than the free stream velocity, thrust is produced Benson, (2006)
In my undergraduate years, I have acquired a strong background in the fundamentals of basic mechanical engineering, having studied subjects such as Strength of Materials, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Design of Machine Elements and Automobile Engineering. Whilst pursuing my diploma & degree courses, my interest for Automotive Engineering grew even more having learnt more on the different types of internal combustion engines, their configuration and importance. However, what I lacked was a practical understanding on these core areas of Automotive Engineering. To gain a better understandi...
The invention of internal combustion engines in the early 19th century has led to the discovery of utilisation of cheap energy that is petroleum and this enabled the world to develop and progress into the modern world today. Humans were able to accomplish more work done with little manual labour, using internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Internal combustion engine are mechanical power devices that convert heat energy to mechanical energy with the combustion process taking place in a system boundary (Rolle, 2005). Among the internal combustion engine invented in the 19th century were the Otto engine, Diesel engine and gas turbine engine. Gas turbine engine is one of the popular engines used today due to its high torque per weight ratio relative to other types of internal combustion engines. As explained by Cengel and Boles (2011), the gas turbine engine works on a 6 stages process, namely air intake, compression, fuel injection, combustion, expansion and exhaust (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
In this different component of internal combustion engine( as internally combusted gas mixture produce power to run a engine ) are discussed.