Adam Fouché-Thompson Malagon, Jorge WOH2012 4/14/14 The Rise and Fall of the Cathars The Cathars were a very peaceful group that adopted a life of extreme devotion. Both men and women could become "parfaits". "Parfaits" referred to people who were seen by the Catholic Church as "perfect heretics". They renounced the world and abstained from eating meat and having any sexual contact. The Cathars lived in poverty. The men would travel and preach, and they earned money by cloth making, and shepherding. Followers were not expected to abide by the same ascetic standards as the parfaits, and they were permitted to eat meat and engage in sex. Catharism, or Albigensianism, was a religion which originated in the Balkans long before it made its appearance in the southwestern region of France , around the 12th century. It was a religion like any other, based on good versus evil. Albigensianism was a heretic religion and the catholics were not very fond of this new and upcoming religion. Its creed stated that god never created Earth, Jesus never existed nor did he suffer on the cross. The only ceremony practiced by the Cathars was the consolamentum or baptism of the Holy Spirit. For the Cathars, this was the only means of salvation. The Cathar clergy were those who had already received the consolamentum as part of the ritualistic ordination and had already been saved. The lay Cathars, or Believers, were obliged to receive the same sacrament before death in order to be saved as well. By the early thirteenth century Catharism was a very quickly growing religion in the area of Languedoc. It was supported by the nobility as well as the common people. This was yet another annoyance to the Roman Church. Even in open debates, Ca... ... middle of paper ... ...usade or immediately after. They often recounted much of the military drama associated with the events of the Crusade and remained relatively silent about the tenets of Catharism. still lives on today in catholic churches. In attempting to present itself in the same light as the popular Parfaits, the papacy created two new preaching orders: the Dominicans and the Franciscans. It is evident that the In this they were consciously emulating Parfaits. The Cathar Tengriist principles were adopted and implemented by the Lutheran and Protestant Churches, and many other existing Christian denominations. Now the Franciscans are typically characterized by their lives of simplicity, penance, poverty, and love for the poor much like the Dominicans, and the Cathars. th is is something t5hat i sreflected throught history there is always more people use excuses to start wars
The Military Orders, including the Templars and Hospitallers, were created to protect pilgrims on the route to Jerusalem, but grew into ranks of professional soldiers with a great presence in the East, answerable to the Papacy. These orders “grew rapidly and acquired castles at strategic points in the kingdom and northern states. […] They were soon established in Europe as well, they became international organizations, virtually independent, sanctioned and constantly supported by the papacy” (Madden). The Pope possessed, for the first time, a dedicated military force in Europe. These two outcomes indicate the growth of the Church’s power as a result of the First Crusade, and support the proposition that the Papacy intended it as a way for advancing its political and economic position.
In this experiment as a whole, there were three individual experiments conducted, each with an individualized hypothesis. For the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, catalase activity will be decreased when catalase is exposed to temperatures greater than or less approximately 23 degrees Celsius. For the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity, a concentration of greater or less than approximately 50% enzymes, the less active catalase will be. Lastly, the more the pH buffer deviates from a basic pH of 7, the less active catalase will be.
What is a Crusade? How did a Crusader crusade? What caused him to seek “holy war?” Is a Crusade a Holy War or a Pilgrimage? Did a crusader only leave to find his own economic benefits? What caused the success of the first crusaders? These are some of the many questions that laid before me when I started my research. The crusading movements are such widely debated among the modern historian that they leave many readers confused about what actually caused the crusades, and what a crusade actually entails. In the coming pages I hope to give my reader something to ponder, understand, and acknowledge about it’s origins, and eventually lead my reader into the first crusading movement. Thus, the argument I intend to make examines the events in previous centuries, and the culmination of political and moral changes, as well as economic ones that occurred before Urban’s call for crusade. We will explore Feudalism, it’s war-centric society and how this caused Urban (as well as some Popes and religious figures before him) to seek a peaceable solution that would ensure safety for the clergy, the peasant, and the non-violent. Furthermore, Pope Urban sought to continue Pope Gregory's (and Cluniac) reform to solidify Papal authority over Christendom, and respond to years of Muslim raids along the Mediterranean and upper Italian Coastlines that threatened Italian unity. In effect, the first crusading movement represented and embodied the European culture, society, and ideologies of the time.
... the Franciscan tolerated the religious differences and alowed them to maintain there old beliefs. All this came crashing down when the drought of 1660's the famine of 1670's and the raid of the apaches all but great stress on every one.
How could the Christian church, which bases itself off kindness and peace, allow the Crusades to happen? The religion known to be loving of all was the cause of the most catastrophic occurrence in the late eleventh and late thirteenth centuries because of misconceptions and avarice of the pope. Of all of the religious wars fought, this was the one with the highest level of ridiculousness. Members of the church fought for all of the wrong reasons and the outcome was poor because of it. Even though the Crusades were justified by the false philosophies of both parties, they were overall beneficial economically. Before one can analyze the thoughts of the people, he or she must know what came about to make them think like this.
...olic Church, propelled the Catholic Reformation and religious warfare. A separation of this magnitude brought conflict yet progressive improvements to both sides. Religious tolerance was at last emerging and never again would a single organization wield so much power.
Today’s domestic house cats sure have changed and traveled far from their old wildcat ancestors across the world. Cats have traveled halfway across the world and now live around the world in various breeds and sizes. Even though they live today in their domesticated form they still retain some of the traits that their ancestors bestowed upon them. The African wildcat is believed to be the ancestor of all domestic cats, and they’re even still alive to this day. Over thousands of years of speciation, domestic house cats came to be from these wildcat ancestors.
As we have looked into the causes of monasticism, the development of monasticism and the history behind some of its practices. We can start to understand whom these hooded little men really are and what they stood for. We can see that this movement was truly needed. Monasticism aided in the rapid development of a hierarchical, centralized organization in the church because the monks were bound to obedience to superiors who in turn owed their allegiance to the pope. We do admire the fine contributions the monks made to medieval life. This was not only a movement in the history of Christianity, but it is still practiced today. One author defined monasticism as such: "Monasticism did not begin by being passed one to another but arose like spontaneous eruptions, or like a spring gushing forth in different places from a source underground."
In order for the crusades to begin, the Christians needed to gather an army to travel and fight the forces of Muslims. With all the power being held by monarchies at this time, the church needed to be cleaver in order to gain troops to put their lives on the line. To gain the support of these warriors and dedication of men, Pope Urban II (1088-1099) challenged those morals of men by telling them to grab their weapons and join the holy war to recover the land of Jerusalem. It was not the challenge that convinced men to take part in this war. The promise of “immediate remission of sins” attracted the men to stand up for their religion and beliefs while at the same time, promising them a trip to heaven when life comes to an end. With this statement, men instantly prepared for battle which in a very short period of time gave the church power which has been held by the monarchies. Men of rich and poor prepared for battle, some wearing ...
Contrary to many commonly held notions about the first crusade, in his book, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, Jonathan Riley-Smith sets out to explain how the idea of crusading thought evolved in the first crusade. In his book, Riley-Smith sets out five main arguments to show how these ideas of crusading evolved. Firstly, he argues that Pope Urban’s original message was conventional, secondly that a more positive reaction was drawn from the laity (due to the ideas surrounding Jerusalem), thirdly, that the original message of crusading had changed because of the horrible experiences of the first crusaders, fourth, that due to these experiences the crusaders developed their own concept of what a crusade was, and lastly, that these ideas were refined by (religious) writers and turned into an acceptable form of theology. Riley-Smith makes excellent points about the crusade; however, before one can delve directly into his argument, one must first understand the background surrounding the rise of the first crusade.
During the Middle Ages and into the Inquisition, the Church believed it’s christian identity and its authority on earth was being usurped by heretics. The Cathars or Good Christians as they called themselves, claimed to be a continuation of the apostolic New Testament church in opposition to the established Catholic Church. It was through crusades, pogroms, and inquisitions against the Cathars that the Church sought to establish christian identity; and reinforce its authority to administer God’s graces upon the earth.
There are various views on the motivation of the crusaders, and many of them can be backed up by historical data. Some of the incentives offered by Pope to the crusaders were: exemption from taxes, freeing prisoners, or offering extraordinary indulgences remitting all punishments due to sin for those who died on the crusade. Crusaders of the upper classes were very often leaving their estates with regents and taking part in the crusades to fight in the name of Christ, acquire riches, fame and land. The crusaders of the lower classes were also fighting in the name of Christ and at the same time very often they were looking for relief from their miserable lives, and wanted to better themselves abroad. The view of the crusades and crusaders differ depending on commentator’...
Our hypothesis is that we believe, the test tube that has potato extract alone in it will have the darkest brown color, thus it will have the highest absorbency. The reason we believe this hypothesis is true is because, darker the color of the mixture, more light will be absorbed and also because it did not receive any pH which can make the mixture lose it’s ability the catalyze reaction. This experiment is designed to investigate and compare, how the enzyme catecholase from potato extract reacts and shows different absorbency when mixed with catechol, and different pH buffer to when it just has the catecholse present in it. If our hypothesis is supported, then the tubes with the darkest color will have more absorbency.
It was Friday and the toaster was broken. Well, not broken per se, it was toasting just fine. Stopping the toasting was what was presenting a bit of difficulty.
The middle ages saw the rise of many “cults” or “sects;” most notably the Cathars and the Flagellants. The Cathars appeared in 1143 and were subject to rumors about their supposed immoral acts such as consuming the ashes of dead babies. They became so influential that they were considered to be a major threat to the dominant Church. After the Cathars managed the assassination of one of Pope Innocent III’s legates, a crusade was organized against them and they were eventually wiped out. Their views were partly Gnostic and their view of dualism was varied from radical to moderate. They subscribed to high ethical standards, rejected the Old Testament and denied the Trinity.