Problem Definition
Gastrointestinal disorders affect 35% - 75% of individuals throughout their life-time, from various causes including biological, social and psychological (Suarez, 2010).
The stomach is one of the organs in the gastrointestinal tract which can be linked to various aches and pains. Many causes of stomach aches can be easily diagnosed, and do not pose long term threats or problems (Melinda Ratini, 2013). Stomach aches stem from three main causes - emotions, viruses or bacteria.
Background
The stomach is a muscular pouch located beneath the diaphragm, with the principal function of storing food before it is released into the small intestine (Thompson, 2013). Along with food storage, the stomach is also responsible for beginning the digestion of protein and triglycerides (Tortora & Derrickson, 2009). It is composed of five layers, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa and an extra coat of oblique muscle (Walker, 2014). Within the mucosa layer of the stomach, gastric glands are formed. These glands secrete gastrin, a significant secretion which impacts stomach functions (Walker, 2014). Gastrin stimulates parietal and chief cells, resulting in the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen. Gastrin also contracts the lower esophageal sphincter, eases the pyloric sphincter and enhances motility within the stomach (Tortora & Derrickson, 2009). The oblique muscle gives the stomach the ability to contract rapidly for the purpose of digesting food (Thompson, 2013). The stomach is responsible for processing food to be further digested, while the abdominal muscles work to process food and mix it with gastric liquid, resulting in the formation of chyme (Thompson, 2013). Chyme is then secreted, conta...
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...rovider must initiate a series of tests and assessments. This will begin with a physical exam, along with discussion about the various symptoms, subjective feelings, lifestyle activities, severity and onset of pain (Melinda Ratini, 2013). Depending on the proposed diagnoses, further tests such as blood tests, x-rays and ultrasounds can then be ordered (Larissa Hirsh, 2014). This will often indicate if the chief concern is a bacterial and viral infection. If the stomach ache is suspected to be resulting from emotional problems, it may be recommended to see a therapist to ease stress and therefore resolve the initial causes (Larissa Hirsh, 2014). Treatment for stomach pain varies depending on the cause, such as medications for inflammation and antibiotics for infections. In extreme cases of stomach ache, surgery may be necessary to rid the pain (Melinda Ratini, 2013).
The food bolus goes down the pharynx a tube which connects the mouth to the esophagus. The esophageal sphincter then closes after food enters the esophagus and peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach. Then the gastroesophageal surrounding the cardial orifice opens and food enters the stomach. The stomach is a J-shaped, muscular pouch positioned in the abdomen. The stomach is made out of three layers of muscularis externa for mechanical digestion. Digestion in the stomach begins when it churns and mixes food with four secretions of the stomach wall which are hydrochloric acid (HCL) its task is to keep the stomach functioning properly maintaining the stomach acidic, mucus, inactive enzyme pepsinogen that is then converted into an active pepsin, pepsin enzyme works best in the acidic environment, pepsin also kills the bacteria that is swallowed along with your food at the time of ingestion. After the food has been broken down from solid material into liquid, also known as chyme. Chyme then exits the stomach through the pylorus into the small
Now the Cheetos have entered the stomach. The process of breaking down carbohydrates has already begun in the mouth and now more chemical and mechanical digestion will take place in the stomach. Once the bolus has entered the stomach, it mixes with gastric juice, starts protein digestion, and absorbs a limited amount. Here the chief cells secrete the inactive enzyme pepsinogen and the parietal calls secrete hydrochloric acid. When mixed together, they create pepsin. The pepsin works to breakdown the two grams of protein present in the Cheetos. Hormones are also present in the stomach and aid in the digestion process. The hormone, gastrin, increases the secretory activity of gastric glands. In the stomach, some salt from the Cheetos is absorbed through the wall. The Cheetos that entered the stomach has no...
•Due to the symptoms Mrs. Wong experiences in her lower right abdominal quadrant as she awaits evaluation in the emergency room. It is necessary that the doctor surgically removes her appendix diagnosing Mrs. Wong with appendicitis.
Stomach, an organ belongs to the digestive system, plays an important role in human body. This J-shaped organ can be full with one liter of food. Stomach is located on left upper part of abdominal cavity, it connects the esophagus (upper) with the small intestine (below). To the left of the stomach, there is a spleen and to the right of it, we’ve got the liver. There are four sections of the stomach: cardia, fundus, body and pyloric. To control the openings into the stomach, the gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes and allowing food leave the stomach is the function of pyloric sphincter. The stomach wall has three layers of muscles that help it contracts in all direction to break food into smaller molecules. Moreover, this organ is lined by mucus coat to neutralize acid
Once in the stomach, step four starts to work. The stomach is specially designed to expand and compress to accommodate food. The stomach walls are similar to elastic which allows it to stretch out and hold as much as one half gallon of food. By being able to hold that much food, it allows us to go a few hours without eating any food and gives out body time to digest the food that we have just eaten. Not only does the stomach hold the food until it is ready to be digested but it also mixes and grinds the food up. While the stomach mixes and grinds the food it also secrets acid and powerful enzymes that continue to breakdown the food changing it to a paste like liquid. Once the food is a paste like liquid, it is ready for the next step of the digestive system (2012, Pg.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder (FGID) characterized by abdominal pain in association with altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. It is a very common disorder that can have a profound negative impact on a patient’s quality of life and constitutes a considerable social and economic burden on society. Extensive research over the last few decades has led to a better understanding of this complex syndrome and improvements in treatment. After a brief review of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of IBS, the current understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms contributing to the syndrome will be addressed. The remainder of this paper will focus on a number of important topics at the interface of IBS and psychiatry, including psychiatric comorbidity in IBS, the complex role of psychosocial stressors in the onset and perpetuation of symptoms in IBS, and various considerations in the management of IBS from the perspective of psychiatry.
The digestive system, in organisms like the mink and human, is supposed to break down the food being eaten to transfer into energy. This energy helps other functions of the body that would in turn keep it alive. The digestive system includes organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, etc. Digestion starts at the mouth, though.
The sphincter at the conclusion of the stomach recognizes as the pyloric sphincter that controls the food from entering the small intestines. As the food enters the stomach, the chemical digestion continues by other enzymes, acid, and bile that released during this process. Different enzymes work on different food components. The stomach has three primary functions the storage of food, the mixing of food and controlled emptying of food into the small intestines. The chemical digestion occurrence within the stomach is mainly from the enzymes released in the stomach. Pepsin is the enzyme that begins the disintegrate of protein. The stomach also discharges gastric lipids that act on butterfat. Tributyrinase anatomizes the fat within the cheese and the turkey and bread of the sandwich into tributyrin. The tributyrin undergoes more chemical reaction transform it into glycerol and fatty acids. The turkey, cheese lettuce and bread are further broken down by pancreatic amylase digesting the starches breaking them down into disaccharides, lactose, sucrose, and maltose. These are further broken down into monosaccharides, lactose to glucose and galactose. Sucrase to broken down to glucose and fructose. Maltase breaks down to maltose to form two molecules of glucose. The protein in the turkey and cheese is broken down by Trypsin and polypeptides to dipeptides. A chemical reaction in body dilapidated
The Cruise lines from all over the world have been hit hard with outbreaks of the “Stomach Flu.” This concerning illness is known as gastroenteritis and it can be caused by a handful of different bacteria and viruses. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the “norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States.”(cite cdc overview). Cruise lines have taken large measures to prevent and contain the spread of the norovirus but the latest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean, has been greatly impacted by the norovirus with over 600 passengers infected.
...ve eaten, to break down the food into a liquid mixture and to slowly empty that liquid mixture into the small intestine. Once the bolus has entered your stomach it begins to be broken down with the help of the strong muscles and gastric juices which are located in the walls of your stomach. The gastric juices are made up of hydrochloric acid, water, and mucus- and the main enzyme inside of your stomach is what is known as pepsin, which needs to be surrounded in an acidic setting in order to do its job, that is to break down protein. Once the bolus has been inside of your stomach for long enough it begins to form into a liquid called chyme, and what keeps the chyme from flowing back into our esophagus are ring shaped muscles known as sphincters located at the beginnings and ends of the stomach and they have the task of controlling the flow of solids and liquids.
Once in the stomach, the glands that are there begin to secrete enzymes and a mucous that help to protect the stomach from its own acids. While this is being done, the muscles of the stomach are contracting. This causes the food to be turned and moved all throughout the stomach. This process turns the food into chyme, which is just a liquefied version of the food that was first taken...
Gastroparesis is defined as a chronic symptomatic syndrome of delayed gastric emptying without any indications of mechanical obstruction.1 The etiologies for gastroparesis are diverse, but a majority of cases are from idiopathic causes or secondary to diabetes mellitus.2 In a study done of 146 patients with gastroparesis, 36% were suffering from idiopathic gastroparesis, 29% from diabetic gastroparesis and the remaining 35% had a variety of etiologies which included: postgastric surgery, Parkinson’s disease, collagen vascular disorders, intestinal pseudoobstruction and miscellaneous causes.3
A doctor can only believe how much a patient is in pain by what they tell you.
Although no definite cause for IBS has been identified, people who are most likely to be affected are females, 20-30 years old, and have a family history of the disease. Certain foods, hormones and stress can trigger irregular contractions of the intestines leading to unpleasant ...
Gastroenteritis, sometimes referred to as infectious diarrhoea is a common disease that affects millions of people annually. It is a disease caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites that enter the human body and spread, which induce symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. Although it is a common occurrence in society and is usually not harmful, cases of gastroenteritis in less developed countries may have more fatal repercussions due to their inability to access ample means of treatment. Over time, as more research was conducted into the disease, scientific developments were made to aid those affected by gastroenteritis and reduce the number of fatalities by educating people regarding preventative methods.