Research Question
How does different concentration of sodium hydroxide and type of oil used affect the cleansing property of soap and its pH?
Introduction
Soap has been an inseparable part of human lives since 2800 B.C when the first soap-like substance was discovered in Ancient Babylons. The chemical reaction in the process of making soap is called saponification. The word saponification is used to honor Mount Sapo where the Romans learnt to make soap from their animal sacrificing tradition. The fat from the animal flesh mixed with the ashes from the wood produced a substance when reacted with rain water. Later on, the substance was called soap until today.
Soaps are surfactants ( surface active substances ) consisting of long hydrophobic
Through this research I want the community aware of this saponification process and they can learn to make soap with correct ingredient. Hot process method will be used in this experiment to reduce the time needed before the soap can be used (cold process method required six weeks before the soap can be used). I have chosen to make my own soap rather than using commercial soap as it allows me to modify the ingredients for experimental purposes and allow me to acquire new
Since glycerol has three –OH (alcohol) functional groups, three fatty acids are needed to make three ester functional groups and form tri-ester of glycerol or triglyceride. In addition, water is eliminated in this process. Figure.4: Esterfication of Triglyceride
Saponification
Saponification is a chemical reaction to break ester in presence of hydroxide in order to form carboxylate ion and alcohol where the carboxylate ion is the soap. There are several steps to be followed for the reaction mechanism. Firstly, the hydroxide ion from the alkali performs nucleophilic attack on the ester. Nucleophilic attack simply means that the compound with an electron deficit reacts with electron-rich reactant; in this case carbon acts as electron deficit. Figure.5: Nucleophilic attack
Secondly, -O-R leaves the group causing the formation of double bond between the carbon and oxygen. The product formed is carboxylic acid functional group. Figure.6: Leaving of O-R
The positive charge on the phosphorus atom is a strong EWG (electron-withdrawing group), which will trigger the adjacent carbon as a weak acid. 5 Very strong bases are required for deprotonation such as an alkyl lithium, however in this experiment 50% sodium hydroxide was used as reiterated. Lastly, the reaction between ylide and aldehyde/ketone produces alkene. (Eq. 1) As shown in equation 2, the reaction between the phosphonium salt and the sodium hydroxide produces the ylide/carbanion that is stabilized due to the positive charge on phosphorus and the conjugation that occurs in the benzene ring as shown by the structure B in equation 2.
need is water and an ester and we will end up with an organic acid produced as
The next week was dedicated to the titration of household supplies. For this, we used two sodas, Cheerwine, and Diet Coke, as well as dish soap. Dish soap, along with many other household cleaning agents, has buffering properties. A buffer acts as a pH stabilizer. It is a combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base combined with its conjugate acid. If a strong acid ion is added, the buffer simply replaces it with a weak acid ion, therefore causing little change in the pH of the solution. Household cleaning products usually have some form of a buffer, because otherwise, they would burn skin to touch. As expected, the two sodas were originally acidic, while the soap was basic.
They are also used in a variety of common products and processes. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a strong detergent used for removing oils and grease and is found in many household cleaning products, face and body washes and shampoos.
Triglycerides are the main ingredients of vegetable oil. In that case, they are usually more unsaturated. They are also found animal fats. They are typically more saturated in animal fats. Triglycerides are also a major component of human skin oils.
Saturated sodium chloride solution, also known as brine solution, is used to wash the distillate mixture. The distillate mixture is the phosphoric acid the co-distilled with the product. The brine solution also removes most of the water from the 4-methylcyclohexane layer. When six drops of 4-methylcyclohexene were added with two
head group is attached to one of the glycerol hydroxyls with addition to the two hydrocarbon fatty
The solvent should be easily removed from the purified product, not react with the target substances, and should only dissolve the target substance near it’s boiling point, but none at freezing. A successful recrystallization uses minimum amount of solvent, and cools the solution slowly, if done to fast, many impurities will be left in the crystals. Using the correct solvent, in this case ice water and ethyl acetate, the impurities in the compound can be dissolved to obtain just the pure compound. A mixed solvent was used to control the solubility of the product. The product is soluble in ethanol an insoluble in water. Adding water reduced solubility and saturates the solution and then the crystals
In soft neutral water soap works very well. However in hard water those containing ions (calcium and magnesium ions) the soap reacts with the ions forming insoluble salts, scum which settles on fabrics and around the bath. A scum is also the result when soap is used in acidic water. Soap is also affected by the nature of the dirt, for example perspiration breaks down the soap reducing the washing power. There are other disadvantages of soap, it deteriorates on storage lacks cleaning power and doesn’t rinse out completely.
The reaction which occurs is a neutralization reaction because the H+ and OH- ions react to form water.
Before the days of washing machines, people got dirt out of their clothes by pounding them on rocks and washing the dirt away in streams. Sand was used as an abrasive to free the dirt. Soap was discovered at Rome's Sapo Hill where ashes containing the fat of sacrificial animals were found to have good cleaning powers. The earliest washing "machine" - the scrub board - was invented in 1797.
The Effect of Temperature and Atmospheric Conditions on the Life Span of a Soap Bubble
Rinse off the soap using clean water. In the event that you are not using running water from the tap, fetch another bucket/bowl of clean water to wash your hands with.
The exact results were; Type of water Soap solution required 1st attempt 2nd attempt Average Distilled 0.5 0.5 0.5 Tap 4.5 5.0 4.75 Tap with 1g. Na2CO3 3.5 3.0 3.25 This tells us that Na2CO3 softens hard water. However 1g Na2CO3 did not render it as soft as distilled water. Now our aim is to determine whether increasing the quantity of Na2CO3 added to the hard water softens it more effectively. We are measuring the hardness of the water by the volume of soap solution required to produce a lather.
Laundry detergents have had a great impact on the society since it helps our life in keeping ourselves clean, lessens our job or the use of our energy in cleaning our appliances. Laundry detergents have come a long way since the very first bar soaps, made from animal fat and lye, were offered for sale in the 1700s. In the 1950s, homemakers had more options of fabric care since the introduction of synthetic detergents were placed on the market. However; during the 1970s, the most significant innovation in advanced cleaning was made available to clean specific types of stains. Every detergent manufacturer has secret ingredients and mixtures to produce their specific brands of laundry detergent. Many of these ingredients are extracted from plants,