The literature review comprises of definition of rework, describing rework as waste in construction, identification of possible factors causing rework based on different rework models and comparison of percentage of cost of rework from previous research.
2.1 Definition of rework
Every construction project is unique in nature and problems occurred are unpredictable. A lot of activities are involved in one project. So rework cannot be avoidable. Rework & wastages is recognized as non-value adding items which affects the performance and productivity of construction projects (Alwi, 2002). There are various terms associated with rework such as non-conformance, quality deviations, quality failures and defects.
Rework is defined as the unnecessary effort of redoing an activity that was inaccurately done the first time (Love, 2002a). When a product or service does not meet the customer requirement, work has to be redone. Most of the time, rework occurred due to complicated characteristics of construction process. The major cause of rework is uncertainty generated by poor information flow.
CII (2001a) defined “field rework as activities that should be done many times and activities which result in undoing the work that is already performed.” Fayek et al. (2003) have modified the definition & defined “field rework as activities in the field that have to be done more than once in the field, or activities which remove work previously installed as part of the project regardless of source, where no change order has been issued and no change of scope has been identified by the owner.”
Rework is necessary when any part of building fails to meet customer requirements, or completed work does not conform to the contract documents.
2.2 Waste associ...
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...per work sequencing, improper work protection, lack of coordination
Oyewobi, L.O. and Ogunsemi, D.R. (2010) Quality failure, Lack of understanding and correct interpretation of client’s requirement, Omission during design, Change in plan and scope by client, Error during design, Ineffective coordination and integration of components, Inadequate resources, Conflicting of opinions between participants, Lack of quality management system, Late user involvement, Poor communication, Lack of support to site management, Poor information flow, Defective workmanship, Carelessness, Inadequate funding
Rework committee of Construction Owners Association of Alberta (2001), developed the fish bone or cause and effect diagram classification system to categories the causes of rework. They classify rework causes into 5 main categories and each category contains 4 main causes.
The concept of building constructing may be impaired without a good knowledge and successful management and impact of the environmental factors influencing the performance of such projects.
（Wu，2005） It makes the construction become efficient and safety if contractor requested change order generally, and also could make construction quality and surrounding friendliness. （Wu，2005） Without demanding extra costs, the project owner most of time that accepted change order requests（Wu，2005）. There are some situations in the original construction process. Such as the underground conditions , this caused by lacking of construction site investigation by the design department, or further requirements of underground developments or improvement of underground monitoring and sensing, and differing underground condition and seepage when construction excavation. Hsieh(2004)agreed that “Underground conditions tend to be more complicated in the depth range of 2–5 m below ground, and all the more complicated in areas that were previously riverbed”. Otherwise, unsuitable construction methods or the other human mistakes could also result in man-made disasters, which mean on-site work of repairing would cause change designs.
Most projects, whether big or small, are undertaken either to create a new structure, such as a plant, an airport, an Olympic stadium, a bridge, a new product, etc., or to modify an existing structure, such as a plant expansion, adding a new production line, expanding a highway, etc. In most cases, the late completion of the project, such as finishing the Olympic stadium two weeks after the opening of the Olympics, or having a new airports' opening delayed until after the elections, etc., generally carries with it some significant negative ramifications for the project owner. At the same time, there are many cases where the early completion of the project will provide the project owner with significant positive ramifications, such as the market share gained by preempting the competitions' launching of a new product, or the increase in sales achieved by bringing the plants productive capabilities on-line sooner, etc.
As an emerging leader whose desire is to see progress in his/her organization change is inevitable and necessary. Although change is an important component of moving forward and growing a lot of people resist change, this resistance can be contributed to our fear of the unknown which is what change represent to many people. Hence, when it comes to implementing change it would be best to start off by recognizing and identify what needs to be change ad how to bring about that change. You can’t convince others to go on a journey if you are not aware where you are going.
The requirements were not well defined and the stakeholders kept on adding new features to during the development there were no clear goals defined. This led to the shift of delivery time and affected the quality.
Overload of current tasks, pressures of daily activities and limited resources: Managers felt that the change was an adscititious burden. inhibited resources compounded the problem..The change initiative seemed to be extra work and resource strain at a time when the pressures of daily activities were already high. In many projects, managers were expected to perpetuate all of their current obligations in integration to the obligations of implementing the change.
The renovation, which is expected to take eight years to complete, is expected to increase
The Wart is basically an eight year old kid living in a palace with Sir Ector, and his “brother” Kay. Wart is somewhat looked down upon, while his brother Kay is expected to one day become a brave and noble knight. As Wart goes through life he meets Merlyn. Merlyn is a wizard who transforms Wart into a series of different types of animals. The Wart thinks its all fun and games, but only Merlyn knows; that it’s going to count for so much more. Throughout all of the transformations, Wart is taught how to keep peace between people, show compassion, and how to keep his power under control.
Project management is said to be completed within time when it completed within the “triple constraints”: cost, time and quality. And in a lot of causes, one them is sacrificed so as to meet the other two. Project managers prioritize which ones are the most important.
Nothing happens overnight. Pursuing to become a social worker or actually being one you need to understand that. Whether it is breaking a bad habit or building a new one, change has to take its course. Having a clear beginning, middle, and end is apart of the change process. The change process is a process that social workers go by to help facilitate change.
I am the kind of person who likes to be in an environment that doesn’t change to often. I’m not a fan of jumping into something new. Adapting to change is one of the hardest things for me and it is the one thing that I need to work on the most. Change happens all around us every day and I need to learn how to deal with it. Change can be good. Change can be bad. It’s just what I’m going to have to work on to become a better leader.
When juvenile are being sentenced life in prison for committing murder has always been an issue in many court cases. Some believe that they don 't deserve a second chance and that they should be sentenced life in prison but others do believe in second chances. There are many reasons to why juveniles should be given a second chance in life when they commit a crime such as murder. For example, the brain of these juveniles is not fully developed, the environment can influence them to do such crimes and there 's still ways for them to change and turn their life around.
The transformation of man has long since been a topic of much expanse. Today, the defining of transformation still lingers. Socialization forms the core to many transformations in a student’s life. Since John Lock posited the socialization of man in the Enlightenment period, transformation has become a direct effect often due to life altering experiences – the “liberation of the individual within a dominant, oppressive, technocratic society” (Module 4 Theory and Analysis). Paulo Freire says transformation is essential to relationship with others.
The idea of change is the most constant factor in business today and organisational change therefore plays a crucial role in this highly dynamic environment. It is defined as a company that is going through a transformation and is in a progressive step towards improving their existing capabilities. Organisational change is important as managers need to continue to commit and deliver today but must also think of changes that lie ahead tomorrow. This is a difficult task because management systems are design, and people are rewarded for stability. These two main factors will be discussed with reasons as to why organisational change is necessary for survival, but on the other hand why it is difficult to accomplish.
This work is delineated by the “make work” and the “buy work” of the project. With this delineation comes a different way in which legal aspects will be applicable to the project. With “make work” the amount of details required in the statement of work (SOW) is significantly less than that of the “buy work” (Fleming, 2003). Fleming (2003) stated that the tolerance for error is significant and self-correcting when dealing with “make work” that is kept in house.