Representational Systems
This paper seeks to define a representational system in
such a manner as to be capable of implementation in a connectionist,
or neural, network. A representational system is defined and
demonstrated to possess the ability to produce outputs which achieve
global minima. The paper concludes by showing that, while a
feed-forward neural network is incapable of representation,
representation may be implemented in a recurrent, or internal
feedback, connectionist network.
Introduction
Representational systems are commonly in the Artificial
Intelligence (AI) domain of symbolic logic. Expert Systems are
programmed into computer systems by recording the step-by-step
logical methodology of experts to minimize the costs or maximize the
utility of their decisions. Logical statements, or beliefs, be they
fuzzy or hard, are established as "rules". Another branch of AI,
Connectionism, attempts to build systems, often in artificial neural
networks (ANNs), that implement the methodologies of the illogical,
inexplicable, or intuitive capabilities of distributed systems such
as pattern recognition systems. Here, it is not some logical mapping
of input to output, but rather a holistic host of inputs which
indicate micro-features which may or may not synergistically produce
a desired output.
While connectionist systems are recognized as being capable of
distributed, non-representational processing, they may also possess
the capability to additionally perform the rule-based logic of
representational systems. As will be shown, not all connectionist
networks possess the appropriate architecture for this task. Thus, a
neural network, depending upon its architecture, may possess the
Edward Snowden, former CIA employee and contractor for the NSA, revealed last year the secret NSA surveillance programs that were used to monitor the United States and foreign countries for terrorists. In May 2013, he met with journalists Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras and disclosed countless NSA files, that were then published. The files contained information on several secret surveillance programs, as well as other not yet published files. Snowden has fled to other countries for asylum, since the United States government has charged him with espionage and theft of government property. A charge that was expected, as he he predicted that they would "say I have broken the Espionage Act and helped our enemies, but that can be used against anyone who points out how ma...
The relation of consciousness to the material world is puzzle, which has its origin in dualism, a philosophy of mind which posits their fundamental separation. Dualism, in turn, has its roots in folk wisdom. The belief that humans are more than bodies and that there is something in human nature that survives bodily death has its origins in prehistory; it becomes explicit in the mythology of Ancient Egypt and Assyria and was formulated into a philosophical position in the Platonic thought of Ancient Greece. But the contemporary view that the interaction of consciousness with matter poses a problem which may be beyond scientific understanding can be traced to a clearer formulation of dualism proposed by Descartes.
The Neuman Systems Model was developed by Betty Neuman in an effort to teach an introductory nursing course to students. The model’s focus is on the wellness of the patient, known as the client, relative to environmental stressors and the reactions to those stressors (Fawcett, 2001). The main goal of the model is stress reduction. The model explains how humans are interrelated products built from physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual variables and relationships between these variables determine the client’s reaction to stressors (Smith, 1989). Neuman’s theory describes the nurse’s role is to focus on the total person with the goal of preserving or recouping client stability. This can be achieved through interventions focused on reducing internal and external stressors that affect the client’s maximum functioning ability (Knight, 1990).
Zipkin, Elise F., Kraft, Clifford E., Cooch, Evan G., and Sullivan, Patrick J., “When Can Efforts to Control Nuisance and Invasive Species Backfire?,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 19, No. 6 (2009): 1585-1595, accessed October 11, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40346271.
"Eugenics, Genetic Engineering Lite." The Future of Human Evolution. Humans Future, 2010. Web. 14 Feb 2012.
The San Joaquin Kit fox has been listed has been listed as endangered since 1967 under the federal endangered list. San Joaquin Kit foxes are important in their ecosystem; they serve as a population control for smaller rodents the population has continued to decrease due to loss of habitat and degradation of the land caused by development. The efforts that have been made to protect this species are necessary for the species to avoid extinction. However, the efforts made to protect the species have yet to have positive results. Stricter regulations on development need to be implement, for example banning franking. If larger parcels of natural habitat are not obtain for the San Joaquin kit fox the population will not thrive and become extinct.
For years philosophers have enquired into the nature of the mind, and specifically the mysteries of intelligence and consciousness. (O’Brien 2017) One of these mysteries is how a material object, the brain, can produce thoughts and rational reasoning. The Computational Theory of Mind (CTM) was devised in response to this problem, and suggests that the brain is quite literally a computer, and that thinking is essentially computation. (BOOK) This idea was first theorised by philosopher Hilary Putnam, but was later developed by Jerry Fodor, and continues to be further investigated today as cognitive science, modern computers, and artificial intelligence continue to advance. [REF] Computer processing machines ‘think’ by recognising information
Systems approach is based on the fundamental principle that all aspects of a human problem should be treated together in a rational manner (Healy, 2005). I have divided this essay into relevant sections that cover an overview of systems ideas, general systems theory and ecological systems theory. This assignment will also include Germain and Gittermans life model, and it will be related back to the case study that has been provided. Limitations of systems theory will also be discussed.
The traditional notion that seeks to compare human minds, with all its intricacies and biochemical functions, to that of artificially programmed digital computers, is self-defeating and it should be discredited in dialogs regarding the theory of artificial intelligence. This traditional notion is akin to comparing, in crude terms, cars and aeroplanes or ice cream and cream cheese. Human mental states are caused by various behaviours of elements in the brain, and these behaviours in are adjudged by the biochemical composition of our brains, which are responsible for our thoughts and functions. When we discuss mental states of systems it is important to distinguish between human brains and that of any natural or artificial organisms which is said to have central processing systems (i.e. brains of chimpanzees, microchips etc.). Although various similarities may exist between those systems in terms of functions and behaviourism, the intrinsic intentionality within those systems differ extensively. Although it may not be possible to prove that whether or not mental states exist at all in systems other than our own, in this paper I will strive to present arguments that a machine that computes and responds to inputs does indeed have a state of mind, but one that does not necessarily result in a form of mentality. This paper will discuss how the states and intentionality of digital computers are different from the states of human brains and yet they are indeed states of a mind resulting from various functions in their central processing systems.
Reasoning is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument. This is probably something you do every day. When you make a decision, we are using reasoning. By taking different thoughts and thinking why you should go with one thought over another. Inductive and deductive reasoning are both propositional logic. Propositional logic is the branch of logic that studies ways of joining and simplifying entire propositions, statements to hold more complicated propositions or statements. This means it uses a combination od facts to come up with a conclusion.
The mind-body problem has captivated the minds of philosophers for centuries. The problem is how the body and mind can interact with each other if they are separate and distinct. One solution to the problem is to replace any mental term with a more accurate physical description. Eliminative Materialists take this idea to the extreme by stating that everything that is believed to be mental will someday be explained in terms of the physical world. One way that people try to prove Eliminative Materialism to be true is through technology. Certainly if we are able to create computers and software that mimic the human mind, then Eliminative Materialism is a sound solution to the mind-body problem. In order to examine if computers actually do mimic the human mind then we must first look at the capabilities of the human mind. If one looks closely at the capabilities of the human mind and compares them to the most recent technological advances, then it would be obvious that computers and software are beginning to mimic even the most advanced mental states. In the future, computers will be able to do anything the human mind is capable of thus proving Eliminative Materialism to be a sound solution to the mind-body problem.
Wilson, Arthur L. The Promise of Situated Cognition. New Directions for Adults and Continuing Education, No. 57, Spring, 1993
My research focuses on the mental models associated with leaders in a crisis situation. In order to grasp the thought process during a catastrophic event, it is essential to analyze a conceptual model as it applies to a leader’s cognitive abilities, which is composed of two facets noted as the descriptive and prescriptive mental models, (Combe & Carrington, 2015). The descriptive metal model focuses on the interpretation of external changes that occur in a crisis, (Combe & Carrington, 2015). The prescriptive model concentrates on cause and effect and future actions that provide clarity in the midst of ongoing changes, (Combe & Carrington, 2015). According to the authors, Combe & Carrington, (2015) longitudinal research perspective is beneficial
Before we define constructive memory, we must define memory. Memory is an active process that allows information to be retrieved to the brain, stored and possibly maintained. Based on Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi store model, memory is stored into the sensory memory, the short-term memory and long term memory if researched and maintained.
Psychophysical dualism — the distinction between mind and body — is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements: the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the main ontological problem of the philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind: the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryle's criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryle's criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call 'the principle of the embodiment of the mind.' Finally, I shall point out the philosophical difficulties that are to be found in using such a principle.