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historical develpment of nursing
historical develop ment nurse
historical develop ment nurse
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o Type of healthcare worker: Nurse practitioner o When this type of work entered the market: The medical profession of nurse practitioner was developed in the mid 1960s. The job of nurse practitioners grew from implementing work from primary care physicians into that of traditional nurses. o Reasons for creation and growth: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, increased specialization amongst physicians was taking place, which led to many doctors exploring other avenues of medicine, resulting in a large shortage of physicians practicing primary care. This left many rural and inner city areas with very limited access to medical care. During this same time, Medicaid and Medicare programs were growing rapidly and increasing the number of individuals covered, such as to low income individuals, the disabled, and the elderly. The abrupt expansion of coverage caused the demand of primary care services to skyrocket. With physicians no longer able to meet the growing demand, nurses stepped to provide medical care, and soon believed that were qualified to broaden their role and scope of abilities. In 1965, a nurse and physician, Loretta Ford and Henry Silver, recognized the need for a training program, and developed the first curriculum for nurse practitioners. Since then, the role of nurse practitioner has rapidly increased in response to the expanding and growing need for accessible and affordable care and is currently ranked as one of the fastest growing professions in healthcare. o Financial implications: Lower overall costs have been associated with NP (nurse practitioner) care. Studies show that the average cost of a nurse practitioner visit is approximately 25-30 percent lower compared to that of a physician visit. For exam...
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...sation. This is causing audiologists in the future to pursue careers in research, military audiology, and academia, instead of private practice. However, since hearing loss is associated with aging, individuals continually demand services from audiologists. Also, members of the baby boomer generation are all now seeking services from audiologists. It is projected that the profession of audiology is to grow approximately 37% within the next few years, and the field is to continue expanding. o Impact on other healthcare workers: Audiologists have aided certain types of doctors such as ENTs and are sometimes seen as ancillaries for primary care physicians. Also they can work alongside hearing aid dispensers providing audiological care. Sometimes this can cause confusion among consumers seeking hearing care as to what the different roles are of the professionals.
Diagnostic medical sonography is a profession where sonographers direct high-frequency sound waves into a patient’s body through the use of specific equipment to diagnose or monitor a patient’s medical condition. As described by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, this examination is referred to as an ultrasound, sonogram, or echocardiogram. The high-frequency sound waves emitted from the handheld device, called a transducer, bounce back creating an echo and therefore produce an image that can be viewed on the sonographers computer screen. This image provides the sonographer and physician with an internal image of the patient’s body that will be used in the diagnosis. The most familiar use of ultrasound is used in monitoring pregnancies and is provided by obstetric and gynecologic sonographers, who also provide imaging of the female reproductive system. Other types of sonography include; abdominal sonography, breast sonography, musculoskeletal sonography, neurosonography and cardiovascular sonography. Due to the vast nature of uses in sonography, most professionals study one field that they choose to specialize in. Diagnostic medical sonography is a rapidly growing field because of the increase in medical advances. The area of Cleveland, Ohio has continued to rise in the medical field with great strides, providing better career prospects with the availability of numerous employment positions.
Therefore, I plan on closely examining audiology not only in a clinical setting but also in a research setting after my first year in USF’s program. I plan on closely examining innovative audiological strategies, as a graduate student, inside and outside of the classroom, while immersing myself in the intellectual community within the department. While my future classmates at USF may claim that they were born audiologists, I am proud to proclaim, as I have reflected on my journey thus far, that I have gained an intellect and love for audiology that drives my unrelenting passion for the field.
...rained for specialty practices. Two-thirds of today’s PAs work in specialty care. This, therefore, leaves NPs to work in general practice (p. 828). Woolsey and Cutter (n.d) seem to have a different opinion by stating “PAs are generalists while NPs can be either [specialist or generalist] depending on the area of medicine they practice” (para. 5). They go on to explain that PAs are trained to generalize, so that they can hop from one area to another (Woolsey & Cutter, n.d., para.5). PAs have the ability to specialize if they complete a residency program, but one important thing to note is that a PA is still documented as a generalist whether or not they have specialized (Woolsey & Cutter, n.d., para.5). Woolsey and Cutter (n.d.) then note that NPs often have to have a national certification in a nursing specialty before they can practice within a specialty (para.5).
In tandem with growing scientific knowledge, programs expanded their length and credit loads. Nurse practitioner specialties such as cardiology and intensive care appeared in graduate programs across the country with educational programs aimed at their specialized knowledge. NAPNAP had been founded as one of the first national specialty nurse advanced practice organizations in 1973. By the end of the 1980s, nurse practitioner care was part of the normal menu of services offered by many health care institutions, supported by the 1986 OTA study that found that NPs “provide care whose quality is equivalent to that of care provided by physicians,” particularly when such care depended on preventative services and communication with patients (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986, 5). In 2003, health care institutions began to hire large numbers of NPs in response to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s Resident Duty Hours standards, which limited the number of hours medical residents could work (Nasca, Day & Amis, 2010). Numerous studies, including a Cochrane review, reports from the Rand Health Foundation, Commonwealth Fund, and Western Governor’s Association all provided positive evidence of the value and quality of NP-provided services. Today, NPs have proven their effectiveness in delivering high quality, lower
Sullivan-Marx, E. M., McGivern, D. O., Fairman, J. A., & Greenberg, S. A. (2010). Nurse practitioners: The evolution and future of advanced practice. (5th ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
There has been a drastic cut in both the Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates. According to Robert (2012), “cuts of more than $360 billion to Medicare and Medicaid will be made over the next 10 years. The focus of nursing needs to emphasize more on wellness care and prevention rather than acute care” (McNeal, G., 2012). Nursing practice will need to shift more towards community and population focused nursing. Baccalaureate prepared nurses are provided with a curriculum that includes both community health and leadership skills that are not included in the associate program. By encouraging associate’s degree nurses to obtain a bachelor’s degree in nursing, an increase in the awareness of the needs of the community and population may be seen. The IOM report has outlined the anticipated obstacles that healthcare will face if changes are not made. By allowing nurses to provide care within their full scope of practice, quality care may be provided at an affordable cost to the population. The use of advanced practice nurses in primary care may provide quality, access, and cost efficient healthcare to high-risk populations and possibly decrease hospital admission rates, thus lowering the overall cost of healthcare. If nurses partner with doctors and other healthcare providers, it may improve healthcare by providing seamless transitions (Institute of Medicine,
Albert Einstein once said, “Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone” (brainy Quotes 1). Speech Language pathologists work to help people’s speech, language and communication. For this job, pathologists are needed to have certain people skills and a strong commitment in their work (Ferguson 158-59). Speech pathologists work with a variety of people, both young and old. There are many positive and life changing effects on the pathologists and their patients. A career in speech-language pathology requires a college degree, a lot of dedication and hard work, and is rewarding when helping patients improve on their speech (“Speech-Language Pathologists”).
Nurse Practitioning is a very important job in the field of medicine. In the nursing field the highest degree attainable while holding the status of “Nurse” is Nurse Practitioner (NP). This career has influenced the nursing world in several ways throughout the years. A few key things that set Nurse Practitioning apart from other medical professionals are the history and background of the job, the quality care provided by the nurse practitioner, and the different responsibilities help by an NP as opposed to those of an RN. These are important because nurse practitioners can be compared to other physicians, the history changed how people looked at and thought of nurses, and NPs can perform different and possibly more advanced activities than other level nurses. The history of nurse practitioning is more detailed and complex than one would think. Throughout the history of the profession, small detail have been refined such as the education, training, and responsibilities required to be effective in the career and the job prospect that come from being trained and certified. There are several things that go into the finely tuned care provided by nurse
According to www.reference.com, The Primary Job Duties include: taking the patient's history, performing physical exams, ordering laboratory tests and procedures, diagnosing, treating and managing disease, prescribing medications, coordinating referrals, performing certain procedures and minor surgeries, and lastly providing patient education and counseling to support healthy lifestyle of behaviors.
A nurse practitioner (NP) is one who is qualified to treat certain medical conditions without the direct supervision of a doctor. Also known as a registered nurse. (RN)
Nursing is a knowledge-based profession within the health care sector that focuses on the overall care of individuals. According to The American College of Nurse Practitioners (ACNP), “defines nurse practitioners as registered nursed who have received graduate-leveling nursing education and clinical training, which enables them to provide a wide range of preventative and acute health care services to individuals of all ages. They deliver high-quality, cost effective care, often performing physical examinations, ordering tests, making diagnoses, and prescribing and managing medication and therapies”. Nurse Practitioners are able to specialize in a particular area, such as family and adult practice, pediatrics, and women’s health; and refer patients to other specialist when necessary. Some Nurse practitioners work under the supervision of a physician; while others run their own practices.
While this aspect of audiology has become more apparent as I have gone through coursework, I first discovered this essential function when I was fourteen years old. Prior to this point in my life I had never heard of an ‘audiologist’ but my own circumstances of developing progressive hearing loss facilitated my introduction to it.
This paper will evaluate the local, national and international drivers that have influenced the development of advanced nursing practice. The discussion will include the political, economic, social, and technological influences that have contributed to the transformation from the traditional nursing role to the numerous exciting advanced level career opportunities achievable in nursing today. Dynamics that have shaped my own current advanced nursing role will be discussed and to conclude some thoughts on the future of advanced nursing practice.
In the 1980's, the nursing profession was transformed by World War two. The first known nurse during the early years of the Christian church was Phoebe a deaconess. Phoebe took care of both men and woman, in 323 A.D construction of a hospital has begun in every cathedral town. Nursing professionalized in the late 19th century. Larger hospitals set up nursing schools that attracted ambitious women from working-class back grounds. Till the early 1900s, nursing schools came to an end and was controlled by hospitals. The hospitals took control and no longer need book learning just experience, training and used the student nurses as cheap labor. In the late 1920s the women’s specialities in health care included 294,000 trained nurses, 150,000 untrained nurses, 550,000 other hospital workers most women and 47,000 midwives. The nation’s 3.1 million nurses work in diverse settings and fields and are frontline providers of health care services. Most nurses prefer to work in acute care settings. Nurses fill a wide variety of positions in healthcare. Florence Nightingale was not the first to put these principles into action it was a corp of educated women who informed and promoted it. Throughout the history, most sick care took place in the home and was the family, friends, and neighbors with knowledge of healing practices responsibility. In the 19th century, hospitals began to proliferate to serve those who were without the resources to provide their own care. Nursing care in these institutions differed enormously. The first physician was Valentine Seaman from New York. Seaman organized an early course of lectures for nurses who cared for maternity mothers. The outbreak of the civil war created an immediate need for nurses. About 20,000 wo...
In early days, physicians themselves educated and trained nurses. That time nurses dealt with actual, real patients and in real life situations. Once physicians felt they had a sufficient training, these nurses were put onto to practice. They were lucky enough to have a hands on, real