2.)
Hydrocodone is an opiate class of medications called antitussives. An opiate is a drug that causes dullness or inaction or that soothes the feelings. An opiate alters the sensors in the brain to make pain, not feel like pain. 3.)
Hydrocodone was first created in the 1920s by Knoll, a German pharmaceutical company. It is created by attaching a hydrogen atom to codeine molecules. Knoll created it because they believed that this process would make the codeine easier on the stomach of the user.
Dr. Nathan Eddy was head researcher in regard to hydrocodone in the 1920’safter running his test he believed that hydrocodone was extremely addictive. He went so far as to say that it would be possible for an individual to become addicted to hydrocodone
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• Reduced worry and stress. 6.) When the user takes hydrocodone, the drug hits their system within an hour. Reaching to the delta-receptor, the mu-receptor, the kappa-receptor, and the sigma receptor, the drug alters the minds understanding of what pain actually is. An agonist is a chemical that binds to receptors and activates them to produce a biological response. An agonist causes an action, and that’s why hydrocodone does. With the drug in the body, synaptic impulses are heavily increased, the drug makes the body release NT from vesicles with an impulse, it blocks re-uptake, and it makes the brain produce more NT. Include a diagram of the synapse.
I never had anatomy so I don’t know the majority of things listed below. This is all
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The diagram must show the following with all words in bold labeled that apply to your drug:
Pre-synaptic neuron and Post-synaptic neuron with synaptic cleft
Pre-synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter (state name) Action Potential (represented by an arrow)
Neurotransmitter (specific name) in the synaptic cleft (unless it is blocked from being released)
Your drug (specific name), wherever it would be found
Receptors for NT on the Post-synaptic neuron (state the specific name of the receptor if you can find it)
7.)
Hydrocodone is highly addictive due to the fact that the user doesn’t feel pain the same way while the drug is in effect. Using Hydrocodone doesn’t alter the shape of the brain, however brain activity does. The user want’s more of the drug because it “takes away” the users pain by giving them a sense of euphoria. During use the neurotransmitters and/or receptors are both equally affected by the drug and as the drug take place within the system they bind to dopamine receptors. This binding increases the levels of dopamine, thus giving them a fake high or euphoria. 8.)
Short Term:
• Nausea
• Loss of conscious
• Slow heart rate
• Drowsiness
•
This is being done in hopes to decrease the number of overdose deaths that are occurring in West Virginia. The law does have restrictions. Those who buy naloxone OTC must be trained by a pharmacist on how to recognize an overdose, when to administer the antidote, and how to properly inject or inhale the drug. Pharmacies must also provide educational material telling customers how and where to access treatment programs (Brown, A., Para. 1, 2016). West Virginia being the number one state in overdose deaths, I personally believe that it is a good decision to pass this law. However, I think people should be trained properly on how to administer, when to administer, what to do, what signs to look for and how to respond. Narcan is a life savior and it should be readily available over the counter. Just because they have addiction or uses drug, they don’t deserve to die. If there is already a drug to save someone’s lives, why not use it. It is ridiculous how expensive the drug cost compared to other countries. Lower class and middle class people cannot afford to buy a drug for 500 to 600 dollars. I think it is a control by the big drug industries to make more money but being greedy is just hurting everyone. If country like Australia and Canada can sell cheap as a dollar, how come it costs 500-600 dollars in USA. People have stereotype belief that only druggies gets overdosed. However, it is not true. Older people who sometimes forget what medicines they took, light weight people who had never taken any drugs when started on pain medicines because of accidents or even though if it is overdose by someone trying to get high, saving life is a miracle. With the scientific achievement, people can make clone, skin graft, synthetic valves or many ways to save or repair human body, but no one can bring a soul back to a dead body. Many people doesn’t get overdosed to kill
Almost one hundred years ago, prescription drugs like morphine were available at almost any general store. Women carried bottles of very addictive potent opiate based pain killers in their purse. Many individuals like Edgar Allen Poe died from such addictions. Since that time through various federal, state and local laws, drugs like morphine are now prescription drugs; however, this has not stopped the addiction to opiate based pain killers. Today’s society combats an ever increasing number of very deadly addictive drugs from designer drugs to narcotics to the less potent but equally destructive alcohol and marijuana. With all of these new and old drugs going in and out of vogue with addicts, it appears that the increase of misuse and abuse is founded greater in the prescription opiate based painkillers.
Granted, opioid based Pain killers like OxyContin have been invented and used for centuries. It was Hippocrates who first used opioids as a form of medicine. He used opium to stop the pain of internal illnesses, like "women’s diseases" (Blachford and Krapp). But as time went on chemists were able to actually separate and isolate more compounds from the opium plant, such as the chemical Thebaine, the main substance used to make Oxycodone (Meier 57). Oxycodone is the chemical in OxyContin that gives it the pain killing effects, it was developed in Germany circa 1916, and they labeled it under the name Eukodal (Blachford and Krapp). From there, the FDA first approved the use of Oxycodone in 1976 (Blachford and Krapp). Then In 1996 a drug manufacturer by the name of Purdue Frederick started the sale of Oxycodone under the brand name OxyContin, in order to sell the drug he opened a special unit known as Purdue Pharma (Meier 12). Following the release in 1996, it became highly sou...
Opioids are used as pain relievers and although it does the job, there are adverse side effects. Opioids are frequently used in the medical field, allowing doctors to overprescribe their patients. The substance can be very addicting to the dosage being prescribed to the patient. Doctors are commonly prescribing opioids for patients who have mild, moderate, and severe pain. As the pain becomes more severe for the patient, the doctor is more likely to increase the dosage. The increasing dosages of the narcotics become highly addicting. Opioids should not be prescribed as pain killers, due to their highly addictive chemical composition, the detrimental effects on opioid dependent patients, the body, and on future adolescents. Frequently doctors have become carless which causes an upsurge of opioids being overprescribed.
Opioids work by attaching to specific proteins called opioid receptors which are located on nerve cells in the body. When the drug attaches to the receptors it reduces the perception of pain, but it can also cause drowsiness, altered mental status, and nausea. Misuse and addiction to opioids are very common. According to the CDC 1,000 people annually are seen in the Emergency Department for treatment regarding misuse of prescribed opioids. Addiction occurs in older adults aged forty years and older more frequently than adults aged twenty to
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction. There are different forms of opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone.
produce euphoria in addition to pain relief. Many of the problems related to opioids stem from
The most common prescription drug that many teenage drug abusers may be stealing or trying to purchase online would be opioids, also known as narcotics, which include drugs such as OxyContin, morphine, and Percocet (5). Narcotics are drugs that are used to relieve pain, triggering a sense of euphoria from the brain’s pleasure center. Many teens may abuse narcotics to feel that sense of pleasure (5). Another prescription medication that teenagers commonly abuse are stimulants, such as Adderall, Ritalin, and Dexedrine. These drugs stimulate dopamine production in the brain, lifting moods and calming anxiety, which is why it is a commonly abused prescription drug (5). Due to the easy accessibility with some of these prescription medications and their high potential for abuse, teenagers who abuse them are putting their mind’s and bodies at risk for the many side effects that come along with abusing drugs, which can sometimes be fatal.
Every year, 2.6 million people in the United States suffer from opioid abuse and of that 2.6 million, 276,000 are adolescents, and this problem is only escalating. An individual’s physical and emotional health suffer as well as their personal lives as they lose employment, friends, family, and hope. Opioid addiction begins with the addictive aspects of the drug. People easily become hooked on the relieving effects of the opioids and suffer withdrawal symptoms if they stop using the drug completely because their nerve cells become accustomed to the drug and have difficulty functioning without it; yet the addiction to the drug is only one aspect to the complex problem. The stigma about opioid addiction has wide-reaching negative effects as it
The physical and chemical properties make heroin a desirable drug. It is highly addictive and fast acting, which lure users in. The first time one uses the drug it is said to cause disagreeable feelings and nausea. But following further use it causes a sudden rush in your brain, lasting 1 to 2 minutes, that feels as if it is relieving all the tension one has, followed by a calm and relaxed state that can last a few hours (“Heroin in the Brain”, n.d.). These feelings of satisfaction and ease make this drug ...
Drug addiction is often characterized as being a complex brain disease that causes compulsive, uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking and use without any regards to the consequences they may bring upon themselves, or society. As long as the brain is exposed to these large amounts of dopamine on the reward system, it will inevitably develop a tolerance to the current dopamine levels, which it is receiving, lessening the pleasure the user will experience. In order to satisfy the brains “reward...
It is said that everybody has their own type of medicine that works for them, however on certain occasions not all of these medicines are prescribed and many strongly oppose for this type of medicine to be used. John Lennon was one of the many who used un-prescribed medicine. Lennon and many others agree that the use of hallucinogenic drugs peacefully cleared their mind and made them understand what they meant to the world and connected them to everything around them in a deeper level. Which lead to the creation of the well-known Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. quote “A mind that is stretched by a new experience can never go back to its old dimension’s”. No medicine had ever helped them achieve that inner peace and understanding that they were looking for until they tried hallucinogens in a medicinal way. After what is known as the “hippie era” Hallucinogenic drugs were made illegal and societies view went from the drug that made a person peaceful and lovable to the drug that was repugnant and awfully dangerous. Although hallucinogens are considered dangerous drugs not to be dabbled with by the average person, it has recently been proven to work as a successful therapy proving that they are safe and raising the question if they should be recognized as a way of therapy.
One major issue that affects the US today is the use of illegal drugs. One of the fastest growing illegal drugs is methamphetamine. Methamphetamine, also known commonly as meth, is "the label given to a homemade substance that is manufactured (typically) in rural labs using fertilizers, cold tablets, and household acids" (Armstrong, 2007, p. 427). When it is manufactured, it is commonly seen as a powder or crystal that is white in color, has no distinguishable odor, and is pungent to the taste (McKinley & Fink III, 2006). There are several means by which meth can be consumed. This can include the product being smoked, inhaled, swallowed, or injected by needles (McKinley & Fink III, 2006 & O’Connor, Chriqui, & McBride, 2006).
"OxyContin: The History of OxyContin." Drug Rehab, Alcohol Addiction Treatment and Detox | Michael's House. Web. 22 June 2010. .
Codeine is naturally occurring opiate from the poppy plant and is an agonist of µ opioid receptors in the central nervous system, leading to analgesic effects. There are three other opioid receptors (delta, kappa, and the nociceptin orphanin peptide receptor). Opioids acting at the µ receptor have demonstrated significant decreases in pain (Fields, 2011). Codeine is typically prescribed as an oral medication to treat mild to moderate pain, such as cancer pain (Bernard et al., 2006). It is also used as a cough suppressant and as an antidiarrheal medication. Although the main effect of this drug is analgesia, side effects include respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and euphoria followed by dysphoria. In the present day, codeine is mainly synthesized by pharmacological companies and as a pro-drug of morphine. Most of the metabolites of codeine have similar affinities for the µ receptor, except for morphine and its metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide (Caraco et al., 1996). Morphine has an affinity 200-fold higher to this receptor than codeine, which may help explain the addictive characteristic. Other opioids that act on this receptor include heroin and oxycodone, also having high addiction potential (Fields, 2011). Heroin is more potent than both codeine and morphine.