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Why is environment more influential than heredity
How does heredity and environment affect development of a child
How does heredity and environment affect development of a child
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The big five theory of personality traits includes extraversion trait which is believed to be part of human personality. According to Zaidi et al. (2013), extraversion is indicated by positive emotions and the tendency to seek the company of other individuals. Furthermore, it represents the tendency to be assertive, sociable, upbeat, active, optimistic, and cheerful. These individuals like being involved in groups, like people, enjoy stimulation and excitement and normally experience positive effects such as zeal, excitement, and energy. Zaidi et al., continue to argue that extraverts will most likely dialog often and affirm themselves when interacting with others in a group. Individuals high on extraversion are more likely to seek out opportunities …show more content…
According to Lukaszewski and Roney (2010), although much is known about the psychophysiological and behavioral correlates of this trait, much less is understood about the origins of individual differences along this dimension. In their research, Lukaszewski and Roney suggest that physical attractiveness or both men and women, as well as physical strength especially in men, exhibited independent positive links with extraversion. Cherry (2015), assert that extroversion has been linked to genetics and studies in genetics show that genetics contribute a significant percentage of the variance between introversion and extraversion. Extraversion has also been associated with the environment in that an environment can have an influence in causing this trait. According to Cherry, studies on siblings show that individual experiences have a significant influence than shared experiences in families. Thirdly, some research shows that the variability in extraversion might be connected to the variations in cortical arousal. This suggests that people high in extraversion are more likely to require external stimulation while those low in the trait are more likely to become stimulated with
Over several decades, independent streams of systematic research into personality traits have converged on the same general conclusion: the domain of personality attributes can be described by five superordinate constructs (Digman, 1990). These five general, robust factors of personality are now called the “Big Five” and subsume as well as abstract, more specific personal attributes, dispositions, habits and behaviours as a framework (cf. Digman, 1990; MCRae and Costa, 1989; Wiggins and Pincus, 1992). The five global traits in this frame work are: (1) Extraversion, described by a need for stimulation, activity, assertiveness, and quantity and intensity of interpersonal interaction; (2) Agreeableness, represented
A layman would define personality as an individual’s characteristics in terms of how they think and behave. Many theorists, however, interprets personality differently resulting in various personality theories. Personality is determined by traits which are behaviours displayed by a person in most given situations. How a person reacts to common circumstances may also be used to foresee future behaviours. Traits are then categorized into types that allow easier comparisons to be made between each individual’s attributes. The focus of this paper would be on the biological aspects of personality whereby traits are thought to be inheritable through genetics and associated with the central nervous system. Behavioural genetics are research that makes use of results from studies done on family, twins and adoptions. The findings of how both genes and environment influences personality from the studies will be discussed. Some researchers found possible issues with the representativeness of such studies. The outline of Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal, Gray’s BAS/BIS theory and Cloninger’s biological model of personality will further explain the biological effect on personality.
German psychologist Hans Eysenck’s Model of Nervous System Temperament links temperament traits, specifically introversion and extraversion to the Central Nervous System. Introverted people are typically quiet, reserved, and timid whereas extraverts are active, sociable, and outgoing (151). According to Eysenck, introverts have high levels of brain arousal, which is controlled by the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). Therefore, introverts do not need to seek external arousal leading them to be more reserved. Contrastingly, he argues that extraverts have lower levels of brain arousal and therefore are more sensation seeking in order to make up for it. In this paper, I will aim to synthesize and summarize some of the research regarding introversion and extraversion and their link to the central nervous system and states of arousal. I will synthesize this information to support the idea that while introversion and extraversion are on some level linked to states of arousal, Eysenck’s arousal hypothesis is not alone sufficient to explain the biological differences between introverted and extraverted individuals and their behaviors as such.
My score on extraversion was 22, low again compared to the norm. For this trait, I agreed with my results at first, but after some thinking I realized although I am introverted, I do behave extravertly sometimes. In general, I prefer working alone, staying indoors, and I don’t like being around a lot of people. For example, when given a group project, I’d prefer working on my own. Yet most of the time, I end up being the group leader because I get along well with people and am usually optimistic. Basically, I prefer settings with less people, but I can mingle well with strangers at parties or functions. Most of my friends and myself included, would say I am extraverted because I make friends easily and am usually very happy and cheerful. But that is only partially true because I do behave differently depending on the situation and my role as a friend, student, employee, etc. Therefore, I don’t agree with my results overall. Considering I show both introversion and extroversion, I think my results should have been within average compared to the
Personality is massive part of an individual’s identity. Our personalities dictate our patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. An individual’s personality exposes them to predispositions and habits that influence their actions and lives. Early on, personality assessments consisted of physical features ranging from head shape and facial characteristics to body type. In today’s world, personality assessments are mainly based around traits. Traits are simply descriptions of one’s habitual patterns of behavior, thought and emotion. The most popular personality assessment is the Five-Factor Model, also known as The Big Five. This model allows us to describe people based on the five main traits/dimensions. These traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Each of these five traits measures a different aspect of one’s personality. Extraversion is based on one’s level of engagement with the world,
There has yet to be any determining evidence defines the characteristics of extraversion. The experimenters in this particular experiment have hypothesized that the facets of extraversion are somehow linked by reward sensitivity. This hypothesis was also tested against a model in which they are linked by sociability. There has been much work on this topic in the past, beginning with the works of Jung and James in the early 20th century—to the work of Watson and Clark in 1997. And even after a century of study, they are still unable to truly define the characteristics of the extraversion dimension of personality. In the many attempts to define extraversion, Watson and Clark have defined six basic facets of the personality trait. These are: venturesome, affiliation, positive affectivity, energy, ascendance, and ambition. Researchers Depue and Collins, in 1999, also offered a more succinct depiction of the characteristics of extraversion, this only having three basic parts. The first being affiliation, the enjoyment and value of close interpersonal bonds, also being warm and affectionate. The second, agency, being socially dominant, enjoying leadership roles, being assertive and exhibitionistic, and having a sense of potency in accomplishing goals. The final facet being impuslivity, but this one has been argued upon whether it should be included at all in the characteristics of extraversion at all.
In terms of The Big Five Trait Theory, an individual with a high level of extraversion is thought to display dominant behaviour as well as good leadership skills. The individual focusses their psychic energy on things that are external...
Extraverts have an energy that is outwards towards people and things (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They get their motivation from others, need a lot of stimulation, and express their motions (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). Rather than thinking of changing the world they want to change it (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They have an attitude that is often relaxed and confident and they are understandable and accessible (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). Before thinking they act and like to communicate openly (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They show energy and enthusiasm (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). They are often seen as shallow and pushy by introverts (Changing Minds, 2002-2011). After reading the first scenario of Joh...
Extraversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy eing with people, are full of energy, and often experience positive emotions. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented, individuals who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves. (Beaumont 2003)
Based on the information provided in the textbook, trait theory states that every individual has different personalities due to the traits inherited by their maternal or paternal DNA. For instance, if a child or a grown adult is shy or talkative one is able to observe the person’s conscious thoughts and behaviors; therefore, one can imply that traits are essential when it applies to an individual’s personality, which is why everyone’s personality is different. Foreign psychologist Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck, designed a chart full of different qualities to identify the various types of personalities. Indeed, these categories indicate whether the person is considered extraversion, stable, introversion, and unstable. For example, a person that is considered introverted-stable is considered to be peaceful, caring, and calm. On the other hand, a person who is extraverted stable is seen as someone who is ...
There are many types of diverse people classified under various categories. Some people have different types of personalities. They could be classified as extremely manipulative, others as impulsive, and some may not show anything on the outside and have wonderful social skills. These categories help in the understanding of humans. This study is called Psychology and there are many different subfields in this diverse study of the people around us. One subfield that is particularly interesting is personality psychology. Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation between individuals.
Trait approach covers the big five personality traits: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. These five traits have been identified as the most identifiable personality traits, even across cultures and societies. According to McCrae, Costa, and Busch’s (1986) study on personality system comprehensiveness, the big five personality model included the five traits most identified with by individuals asked to describe themselves and others. I found this segment of the class especially intriguing as it helped me not only learn so much about myself, but also take a deeper look into the personality of my family, peers, and even strangers. I am also more conscious of how I self-monitor my personality traits. For example, I am very much so an introverted person but at times I try to be extroverted based off the environment. In highly social environments, I consciously smile and try to talk to people because I want to be perceived in a favorable light, not actually because I feel the need to be sociable. In other words, I don’t want to be perceived as odd. I believe I developed this form of self-monitoring because when I am introverted at social events people will constantly ask me if I’m ok since I’m quiet, which makes me uncomfortable as they make me the focus. Being the center of attention makes me anxious, and therefore to prevent that I have developed being a fake-extrovert to avoid it. This exemplified how I apply self-monitoring to my everyday life. Trait approach gave me insight into how to identify vastly accepted personality traits, as well as, how each of these traits can be influenced and
When discussing extraversion-introversion, there does not seem to be a plethora of similarities simply because the two are on opposite ends of the continuum (Peake, 2014, p. 8). Differences on the other hand are identified much easier between the two. One main difference is the way individuals perceive each trait. Extraversion is seen as a good quality and is often used as a positive trait. Although it is not entirely true, introversion is looked at as a negative trait for someone to possess in today’s’ society (Peake, 2014, p. 8). The best way to explain how these two traits differ would be the type of stimuli that motivates
Interaction with people helps us know about them and we can comprehend their behavior in different situation and circumstances without getting surprised by their action. The candid conversation is helpful in expressing one’s thought but it can be fatal sometime. I believe that there has be a balance between being too extrovert and being too introvert. It is a common belief that introvert people are shy, they cannot speak in the presence of other. But the truth is that introverts are not shy, they prefer to be alone by choice. They feel energized and more productive when they are alone rather than surrounded by people. We can say that energy is drained in the presence of other. While extroverts are the outgoing people and feel energized in the presence of other. They think best when they are speaking. I am a person who is neither too introvert and nor too extrovert. I think I am more productive, thoughtful and can take better decisions when I am alone. At the same time I like hanging out with people and talking to them, but there is a limit to it. I think it is a good quality for a manager that he is neither too introvert nor too extrovert. If a manger is introvert he cannot perform his job properly as his job involves speaking to his co-workers and delegating the responsibilities to individuals commensurate to the individual’s experience and capabilities. The manager can know about the strength and weakness of his team by speaking to them. He cannot just sit in the office and know about the individual by looking at the profile of the person. On the other hand if the manager is extrovert and spends too much time among the team members, then there is a possibility th...
Personality takes many shapes and forms and is affected by many factors. My understanding of personality is simply a genetic and environmentally determined set of psychological traits that influence our reactions in the world around us. Genetic because our parents possess a certain set of psychological personality traits that we tend to have in common with them so therefore in my opinion there are heritable personality traits. Personality is environmental because we each have our own separate experiences in the world and these experiences help form our unique personality. Neo-Freudians such as Jung have given us a wide array of ideas of how they believe personality is developed and formatted. Jung in particular has a very interesting