Elimination disorders are responsible for the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces and are commonly first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. This group of disorders includes enuresis, the repeated voiding of urine into inappropriate places, and encopresis, the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places. In Enuresis, we can find the presence or absence of constipation and overflow incontinence for encopresis. However, there are minimum age requirements for diagnosis of Enuresis and Encopresis. These requirements are based on developmental age and not especially on chronological period of time. Enuresis and Encopresis disorders can be volimtary or involuntary because both disorders happen discretely, although coincidences may also be observed in many cases. Enuresis disorder Bed-wetting is a type of problems registered as Enuresis. That symptom indicates voluntary and involuntary movements throught the urine, clothing, or inappropiate places.In the other hand, in adults can occur these problems known as loss of bladder control that …show more content…
Example of this is a person that cannot control its desire and urinates in improper locations and in inadequate moments. So many of this children suffer abnormalities in the anatomical structure of their kidney or bladder meaning that in most of the cases occur an interruption with the bladder and children do not have the time to speak to their parents on time when this event is happening.Studies have published that some children often have a lower than normal ability for retain the urine, due to levels are lower in antidiuretic hormone. The antidiuretic hormone is vital to control fluid balance in the body system. Large quantities of dilute urine provoke that the bladder to overflow during night. There are more than one physical or psychological explanations for the majority of people who have these
In Chapter 6 we learn about the Integumentary System. The discussion on the integumentary system will include the skin and subcutaneous tissues, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands and disorders of the skin.
There are 2 types of CAH; classical and non-classical CAH. Classical CAH is the severe form of which there are 2 subtypes, salt-wasting and non-salt-wasting. Salt-wasting CAH is comprised of over 75% of all individuals with Classical CAH who also lack another adrenal hormone called aldosterone. Aldosterone functions to stabilize the heart and does so by maintaining normal sodium and potassium levels. The deficiency of aldosterone leads to the failure to retain enough sodium as too much sodium is lost in urine. The remaining 25% who produce sufficient aldosterone are referred to as “simple virilizers,” or non-salt-wasting cases. Non-classical CAH is the milder form or the late-onset type and is a much more common than classical CAH.
Nephrolithiasis, more commonly known as kidney stones, is a common renal disease characterized by crystal depositions in the kidney as a result of urinary supersaturation. There are several types of stones, such as uric acid, cystine, and struvite stones, but calcium stones are the most common.
During the nineteenth century a variety of alternative medical traditions became popular in the United States. There was a shift in how people began to view their physical, mental, and emotional health. A type of alternative medicine that quickly became popular in the United States and Europe was the tradition of hygeiotherapy. This form of treatment included hydropathy a type of water-cure treatment and combined that with exercise, dietary reform, sexual restraint, and any behaviors that were viewed as unhealthy.
During pregnancy, most women may experience overactive bladder or urinary incontinence. This can be mild or infrequent, while for others, it can be severe that can eventually affect their daily routine. This type of incontinence experienced during pregnancy is known as stress incontinence. It is the loss of urine due to increased pressure on the bladder, which makes the bladder sphincter unable to function properly when it comes to holding urine. Pregnancy hormones can also cause the pelvic muscles to relax for the anticipated delivery, which in turn affects the ability to control urine. These hormones also speeds up bloods’ filtration into the kidneys, resulting in accumulation of more fluid in the bladder.
Di Lorenzo C. Approach to the child with constipation and encopresis. In: Rudolph CD, Rudolph MR (eds). Rudolph’s Pediatrics. United States of America: McGraw-Hill; 2002:1368-1370. 2.
Enterococcus faecalis is a genus of gram positive cocci and form short chains or are arranged in pairs. They are nonmotile, facultative anaerobic organisms and can survive in harsh conditions in nature. There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus but about 90% of clinical isolates are E. faecalis. E. faecalis is a nosocomial pathogen because it is commonly found in the hospital environment and can cause life-threatening infections in humans. It is a bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tract in humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus infection.
Elimination pattern varies among family members. No bowel or bladder problems. They all have regular bowel movements and voids frequently without complaints. The mother and daughter exercises at least three days per week. The father, who can be unbalanced at times, walks every day for one hour. If there is no one at home to accompany him, he will do so by himself and this has been going on for two years without a problem. While walking he stays in touch with family members every fifteen minutes. Due to his illness, he is unable to do other forms of exercises. He however enjoys going to the movies and shows with his wife and
The integumentary system is an organ system that is often overlooked when compared to other major organ systems. The importance of the integumentary system and its role in thermoregulation and its first line protection for the body is of utmost importance. The integumentary system includes the following organs: skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. Skin is a very large organ, and is the most important organ of the integumentary system. The surface area of skin is about 20 square feet, and weighs about 10 pounds. The importance of skin is to protect the body from UV light, chemical, disease and physical trauma that can occur to the body. The skin helps regulate body temperature. It does this through storage of adipose tissue and through secretions of sweat. It also allows for sensing touch, Different temperatures that the body comes into contact with are sensed and these messages are sent to the brain so that a reaction can occur in order to protect the body. A very important part of the integumentary system is that it is responsible for making vitamin D. Vitamin D is key in the function of calcium absorption.
Lets begin by discussing the big picture view of the urinary system. It is comprised by the kidneys, ureter, bladder, and the urethra. Referring to the anatomical position the right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the liver being large. In a transverse cut and view from above one can see that the digestive organs are in a separate cavity from the urinary system. The peritoneal cavity houses the digestive organs and it houses serous membrane which secretes a small amount of fluid in the cavity that lubricates organs so that they experience very little friction as they move about inside of the body. The kidneys are in the retroperitoneal cavity, literally that means behind the peritoneal cavity. Unlike the digestive organs the kidneys are not allowed to move much when the body moves. They are held in place by perirenal fat, this fat firmly holds them in place. If someone gets to abnormally thin the kidneys can slip causing the ureter to get pinched.
The very young and very old people are at a greater risk for developing dehydration quickly for some very different reasons and some similar reasons. The very young have higher metabolic rates, loss of fluids through diarrhea, and possibly immature kidneys (McCance & Huether, 2010). Children are also dependent upon caregivers, as well as some elderly. The elderly may be at a higher risk due to decreased thirst sensation, their kidneys may not be as efficient, disability limiting their access making them dependent upon others, as well as less intake due to incontinence (McCance & Huether, 2010). Whether young or older, nursing must be diligent to educate parents, the elderly and caregivers in the fluid needs, as well as possible medical needs, in relation to avoidance of dehydration.
Dehydration is a condition where an individual uses or loses more fluids than taken in and the body does not have enough fluids to carry out normal functions. Some distinct features of dehydration include dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output, extreme thirst, and dark colored urine. Though anyone can be affected by dehydration, it is most commonly seen in infants and children. These two age groups have a higher prevalence of dehydration compared to other age groups. This is because total body water is found to be the highest in infants and children ranging from 73% to 85%, compared with 58% in adults (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2013). The high percentage of total body fluid predisposes infants and children to a rapid loss of fluids and consequently, causing dehydration. Additionally, those with weaker immune systems and chronic illnesses, such as the very young and very old, are more likely to develop dehydration and suffer from serious complications. More than two million infants and children are affected by dehydration in the United States, while approximately thirty
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
The type of incontinence pad you need is dependent on your comfort level and personal needs. Therefore, choosing the right protection will guarantee confidence and avoid accidents as well as much stress.
This is when osmatic pressure comes and plays a key role in the movement of water across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration (p. 179). The osmatic pressure also helps with our sodium and potassium pumps found throughout the body. This helps maintain electrolyte concentration of the intracellular and extracellular fluids (p. 179). For the intake of water the main organ responsible would go to the hypothalamus found in the brain, it detects the pressure and allows the body to begin the process of thirst (p. 181). For excretion responsibilities we look at two hormones, Antidiuretic (water retention) and Aldosterone (sodium retention). In the same moments we can maintain balances, imbalances can also occur. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretics occurs when ADH does not decrease in response to low serum osmolality causing fluid overload (p. 181). Another type is Diabetes Insipidus which occurs from a deficiency of ADH and excess loss of water during urination (p. 181). A patient’s daily weight gain and lose can tell you about the fluid status throughout the