Essay On Cosmopolitanism

Todd’s article, Cosmopolitanism and Its Critics: An Introduction to the Argument, ex Muslim practices in Western society in order to analyze how antagonistic ideas can be understood in what he calls, “cosmopolitics.” Todd aims to view Muslim practices in agonistic manner, rather than antagonistic. She does this by analyzing the work of Chantal Mouffe, Judith Butler, and Bonnie Honig. By the end of the article, Todd’s main goal is to show that cosmopolitanism is in need of a theoretical framework that addresses the difficulties of living in a dissonant world. To begin with, Todd begins the article by explaining why there is such a call for cosmopolitan studies in today’s society. She says, “calls for a cosmopolitan direction have gravitated around a constellation of ideas, peaceful coexistence, global harmony, world citizenship, universal human rights, and forms of hybrid belonging” (Todd 3). This is because advocates see it as a possibility for harmony across the world, but the

Galvin aims to analyze how disability is central in creating the “ideal citizen,” which is demonstrated in the two areas: work and sexuality. Galvin uses Foucault’s genealogy to demonstrate that society’s social realties have beem socially constructed.
First of all, in order to understand disability in today’s society one must understand its history. It emerged during the 18th and 19th century and it became a tool to define an individual and have them comply to cultural conventions. As work began to develop throughout eras it creates to additional functions, the symbolic function and the function of discipline. So when an individual began to be defined and was unable to work they became a threat to social order. However, Galvin explains that despite this threat, the medicalization of disability was needed tin normalize people and define the ideal