1.1. Background and History of Cognitive Radio
There have been many factors that have lead to the development of cognitive radio technology. One of the major drivers has been the steady increase in the requirement for the radio spectrum along with a drive for improved communications and speeds. In turn this has lead to initiatives to make more effective use of the spectrum, often with an associated cost dependent upon the amount of spectrum used. In addition to this there been many instances where greater communications flexibility has been required. Along the way, there have been several significant milestones along the road to develop cognitive radio technology.
The Sophistication possible in a software-defined radio has now reached the level where each radio can conceivably perform beneficial tasks that help the user, help the network, and help minimize special congestion. To support two major applications that arise an SDR’s capabilities and make it a cognitive radio.
1. Spectrum management and optimizations.
2. Interface with a wide variety of networks and optimization of network. 3. Interface with a human and providing electromagnetic resources to
Avoid the human in his or her activities.
One of the major scenarios for the steady increase is in the requirement for the radio spectrum along with the drive for improved communication and speed. Intern this has lead to the make more use of the spectrum, with cost dependent upon the amount of spectrum used.
We view software defined radio as a result of an evolutionary process from purely hardware- based equipment to fully software based equipment. The process of this can be roughly described as the following three stages:
1. Hardware Drive...
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...sign was laid in the year 1987, when the Air Force Labs(AFRL) funded the development of a programmable modem as a evolutionary step beyond the architecture of the integrated communications, navigation, and the identification architecture(ICNIA). ICNIA was a federated design of multiple radios- that is a collection of many single-purpose radios used as one piece of equipment.
Today’s SDR is a general purpose device in which the same radio tuner and processors are used to implement many wave forms at many frequencies. Modern SDR also implements necessary cryptography, error correction coding as forward error correction coding, and source coding of video, voice, or data in software’s as well. This type has many advantages as
a. More versatile
b. Cost effective
c. Upgraded with new software’s foe new wave forms
d. New applications after sale, delivery, and installation.
Stephen Kern, a professor of history at The Ohio State University, wrote the chapter “Wireless
Hidden Truths in The Enormous Radio John Cheever’s "The Enormous Radio" represents the enormous amount of hidden truths in American society in the 1940s. The problems with society during this time were hidden behind a facade of goodness; however, this false innocence becomes visible through the radio owned by the Westcotts. The radio causes the Westcotts to evolve from an innocent, naive pair who believe that everything they see is real, into individuals who realize that appearances are deceiving. Cheever develops the motif of innocence by details like Irene’s "wide, fine forehead upon which nothing at all had been written" (817). However, it also includes the fact that Irene "wore a coat of patch skins dyed to resemble mink" (817).
If technology advances: A) more output can be obtained from the same inputs. B. More inputs are needed to produce the same output. C) less output can be obtained from the same inputs. D) Less output can be produced even with more inputs.
Over the years, many people all over have listened to the radio for entertainment and information. Radio supplies news, sports, music, talk, and many other options with great ease. However, since television has become so popular lately, people look to it as an alternative to radio for the previously stated options. The reason for this can be linked to the redundancy that radio has encountered by not offering anything new and exciting for people to become interested about. Now, XM radio has solved this problem by giving people something new to look forward to by offering their services to anyone who wants to try something new. XM Radio uses satellites positioned in space to allow people to listen to the radio across the United States without having to be bothered with changing stations. This luxury has gotten consumers and analysts very excited and has been receiving a lot of hype in the media lately. The advanced methods of broadcasting will supply XM Radio with more appealing features to listeners than existing entertainment. As a result, those who are bored with the current condition of radio entertainment may use XM more than FM and AM radio.
This means that mobile phone companies need to have many transmitter towers if they're going to attract customers.
INTRODUCTION Would people be willing to pay $12.50/month for commercial free radio beamed right to their car or home. Well two companies and many big investors are betting about $3 billion dollars that people are willing to do just that. In 1997, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) granted a portion of the S-band spectrum for satellite radio and two companies purchased use of these bands and started the only two companies competing in the satellite radio business today, namely Sirius and XM. Analysts like William Kidd of CE Unterberg Towpin, predict satellite radio will generate about $10 billion a year in revenues by 2007 (McClean, 2001).
With the introduction of the ‘idiot box’, things begin to progress at an unpredictable rate. Radio is completely
Discuss the evolution of radio from the 1940’S to the present, reflecting on significant changes.
"Short History of Radio A Short History of Radio With an Inside Focus on Mobile Radio." fcc.gov. Version 2003-2004. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. .
There are several types of AT devices from those that are considered high to those that require little training and are quick and easy to implement and ...
Radio will allow us to repeat the most important information
In a fast-moving industry, it is important to find out what clients prefer today, but 3G must also research their future requirements. It must also frequently research new technologies in this way it will stay at the forefront of the field and retain market leadership. 3G is a developing technology and the greatest benefits are likely to come in the next couple of years.
Print. The. Gordon A. Gow, and Richard K. Smith. Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006. Print.
Wireless is everywhere today whether at home working from your WIFI network to work where you might be linked a wireless network or even through your phone through a 3G or 4G network to connecting to an open wireless networks. As you can see for the most part people are connecting to wireless from the moment they leave their home till they get to work and then back. While wireless comm...
Radio broadcasting was introduced to the public in the early 1920s (Potter 226). There was only one type of broadcast protocol in the 1920’s and 30’s being AM radio(The Early Years). In 1921 there were only five AM radio stations, and only about 1% of all households in this country had a receiver (Potter 226). A receiver was basically another name for a radio because at this time radios were very expensive and there were not enough radio stations to make the system work. However, in 1923 there were over 500 stations to pop up which in turn led to increased sales of receivers to the general public (Potter 226). With the popping up of more radio stations the more receivers were being bought which meant that many people in the public were tuning into these various radio stations for information and entertainment. Radio was on the rise and it seemed that there was nothing slowing it down.