Biomaterial
Definition
Any type of matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological system whether it can be natural as well as made by man, that comprises whole or part of a living structure or a biomedical expedient which can performs, improves, or Replace a function that has been lost through disease or injury.
Substance or preparation intended to be implanted in a living to replace an organ or body tissue. (Prostheses, simpler [dental] to more complicated [artificial trachea], are made with biomaterials.)
Any substance (except drug) or combination of substances, artificial or natural in origin, which can be used for any time period, as a entire or as a portion of a structure which treats, supplements, or replaces any tissue of body, body parts, or function of the body (NIH)
Biomaterials are those materials which create parts of medicinal transplants, extracorporeal devices, and disposable that have been utilized in medicine, surgery, dentistry, and veterinary medicine as well as in every aspect of patient health care.
History
A first generation of biomaterials included until the mid-twentieth century, metals and alloys corrosion-resistant used in dental and orthopedic surgery later. Fabrics or knitted polyester were used after 1950 as vascular prosthesis materials. All these materials share the same characteristic of not having been produced specifically for biomedical applications. This is the secondary properties of corrosion resistance, the mechanical stresses and wear, and their relative inertness with respect to living tissues, have been exploited.
Implanting an artificial larynx is very complex. No biomaterial was previously adapted to this body. The engineer André Walder, with a surgical team at the ...
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... valve, or St. Jude valve. This mechanics involve two semicircular discs moving forth and back, which allow the flow of blood and the ability to form a seal against the backflow. The valve is covered with pyrolytic carbon, and protected to the adjacent tissue with a lattice of woven fabric called DacronTM. The network permits for the body's tissue to produce while joining the valve.
Skin repair
"Artificial" tissue is grown-up from the patient's personal cells. However, when the harm is so dangerous that it is unbearable to use the patient's own cells, artificial tissue cells are grown. The trouble is in discovery a scaffold that the cells can grow and organize on. The features of the support must be that it is biocompatible; cells can adhere to the support, mechanically durable and recyclable. One successful support is a copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid.
... The advanced technology of surface modification in the biomedical sector have the ability to offer not an improvement in the tribological properties only but also to improve the clinical requirements prior and post implantation. Such properties includes cell growth and antibacterial effect.
Alumina and zirconia ceramics have been widely used in orthopaedic hip replacements for the past 30 years. The advantage of using these was lower wear rates than those observed using polymers and metals. Because of the ionic bonds and chemical stability of ceramics, they are relatively biocompatible and therefore more preferable to use than metals and polymers. Alumina is most commonly used as a femoral head component instead of a metal in a hip prosthesis because this would reduce the polyethylene wear that is generated. Alumina is a desirable biomaterial to use in hard tissue implants because of characteristics like excellent wear resistance, high hardness, bio inert, low abrasion rate and good frictional behaviour. Furthermore, it has excellent surface finish as well as high fatigue streng...
Laird DF, Mucalo MR, Dias GJ. Vacuum‐assisted infiltration of chitosan or polycaprolactone as a structural reinforcement for sintered cancellous bovine bone graft. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2012;100(10):2581-92.
The human body endures a great deal of wear and injury during its lifetime. It is for this reason that the body has several tissues that are capable of regeneration. Bone is one of those tissues that receives extensive use so it is necessary that it is strong in order to carry out its functions; however, it will occasionally face injury. Although our bones are capable of regeneration, a new method would help the elderly and others that have a more difficult time healing after injury. I viewed a “TED Talk” lecture, which discussed a new way of regenerating bone with the help of our own bodies. Molly Stevens, the head of a biomaterials lab, presented “A New Way to Grow Bone” where she discussed a new technique called “in vivo bioreactor”. She also answered why this new procedure is beneficial. Researchers like Stevens are constantly trying to find innovative new techniques and they do this by asking questions. The question that Stevens presented in the video was an intriguing one: “Can we recreate the regeneration of bone on demand and transplant it?”.
Tissue engineering uses nanotechnology for tissue regeneration in order to fix damage tissue. In order to succeed tissue engineering utilizes two different methods: in vivo or in vitro regeneration of living tissue. Both methods use Nano scale scaffolds that are loaded with cells in order to regenerate a damage cell in the organ system. The scaffold can also be loaded with different molecules to assist in cell function lik...
He arrives off the plane from Africa, knowing the United States has the best prosthetics. He wheels in on his wheelchair, huffing and puffing, out of breath from all the pushing he has to do. He is hoping the United States will have the prosthetic he wants. He waits for the doctor to call him in his office. The doctor calls him in and then goes back to get the prosthetic. He waits anxiously for the doctor to come back with the finished product.
The future for the total artificial heart with respect to using polyurethanes comes in the form of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), also known as polyurethane elastomers that have molecular structures similar to that of human proteins. TPUs have slower protein absorption (protein absorption is the beginning of the blood clotting process) this makes TPUs ideal candidates in the manufacturing of the total artificial heart because it provides more adhesive strength and mimics certain elements within the body. Hence, biomedical polyurethanes can lead the way to eliminate some acute health challenges that the total artificial heart currently faces. By virtue of their range of properties, polyurethanes and their new applications will continue to play an important role in the future of the total artificial heart.
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) plays an important role in treating bone diseases related to osteoporosis and other orthopedic treatments. Although several methods are used in orthopedic surgery, some bone transport methods such as autografting and allografting have a certain number of disadvantages. Both are expensive methods and they can be exposed to infections and diseases. Therefore, in stead of using these potential risky methods, bone tissue engineering process are used to treat in orthopedic treatments. In general, both tissue engineering and bone tissue engineering have major constituents including stem cells, scaffold, bioreactors and growth factors.
The first prosthetics that have been recorder were used by the Egyptians in 950 B.C. to 710 B.C. to look whole and anatomically complete, rather than being functional. In 300 B.C., an artificial below the knee limb made out of iron and bronze with a wooden core was found in Italy. This was later called the Capua leg. Most of the prostheses around the middle ages were made out of iron, bronze, or wood, but they did not look like a normal limb; instead, the prosthetics used before looked like pegs or hooks (Norton, 2007). Also, prosthetics were only given and fitted to those people who could afford them and needed them for battles, such as knights. Knights were given and fitted prosthetics not for functionality, but to hold up their shields and for battle purposes. During the renaissance period, steel and copper have been incorporated to make prosthetics. After the World War II, wooden and leather prosthetics were made, although there were many caveats regarding the materials used. The prosthetics were too heavy and the leather absorbed too much perspiration, thus, making it hard to
... the usage of bioresorbable scaffold involves by selecting certain phenotype of cell and implants it on permeable substance before being implanted to the pulmonary position. The scaffold is presume to degenerate as the cells grow. The last approach involves constructing a mold for leaflets similar to the aortic shape using the collagen constructs (Vesely 2005).
This source is about the history of artificial limbs. It makes a comparison about the old and the latest invention of prosthetics. Moreover, Marshall, the author also gives explanation how does the prosthetic works over
First of all prosthetics are truly a great piece of technology. Prosthetics help people function and move,and some help the prosthetic look more “human”. The first Prosthetic body part was a foot and it was traced back to some time in 750 B.C. It had a long time for it to evolve and it has. So far it has some made of steel and carbon fiber. Some are coated with leather. Even some have tribal tattoos on it. Sadly prosthetics can be harmful technology because they can be considered a fashion statement; however, they are actually beneficial because they function well and help people feel more”human”.
Prosthetic limbs have been around for longer than people would expect and have played a crucial role of restoring wholeness to patients. A prosthetic limb is an artificially made device that replaces a missing limb or other body part. They work to restore functionality and make a person feel whole again. Over time people have used many different materials to try to replace missing body parts, these materials have ranged from wood to different types of metal, and more recently, lightweight materials such as alloys and carbon fiber. In todays society the technology of prosthetics is always advancing and helping patients become more functional. There are around 2 million people with amputations in the United States for various reasons. The most
Many great inventions have been made through research in biomedical engineering, for example, genetic engineering, cloning, and insulin. After insulin has been invented, there are still a lot of problems with the purity and the quantity of the insulin produced. Biomedical engineering devised a way to produce large quantities of insulin with a higher level of purity, which has saved a lot of human lives. Although biomedical engineering just been officially founded 200 years ago, its practice has been with us for centuries. According to The Whitaker Foundation website, 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes, which uncovered by German archeologists, with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe is the oldest known limb prosthesis and Egyptian listen to the internal of human anatomy using a hollow reed, which is what today’s stethoscope. No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. These advances by biomedical engineering have created a significant impact to our lives. I have determined to become a biomedical engineer. Biomedical engineering will have a good prospect because it will become one of the most important careers in the future.
It is the process that makes genomes, cells, organisms flexible to natural changes that cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. Regeneration can be of two types- it can either be complete where the new tissue is the same as the lost tissue, or incomplete where the necrotic tissue comes fibrosis. [2]