1. INTRODUCTION
We have all heard of 3D printing, but have you heard of 4D printing? Probably not. 4D printing takes the same technologies of 3D printing, but with a slight change, objects printed in the fourth dimension have new abilities. 4D objects will be able to alter their shape or appearance over time. 4D printing allows you to think outside of the box, perhaps even producing weapons that can assemble themselves. One of the limitations of 3D printing, wherein a printer lays down successive layers of material like plastic to create objects as diverse as guns and toys, is that assembly is often required, but 4D printing offers the ability to make things that literally pull themselves together. navesti izvor i datum pristupa: http://www.livescience.com/40888-army-4d-printing-grant.html
2. ABOUT
4D printing offers the ability to make things that literally pull themselves together. The technology could also create objects that last longer than their 3D-printed counterparts and adapt to specific conditions on command. 4D printing is relay about using a 3d printer to print self requfingering programmable material. For example you have a non-living object that can change his shape and behavior over time kind like a robot but no microprocessors, in fact something that looks like a plastic. Skylar Tibet’s, the man who came up with whole idea has gone even fodder; he created a programmable sheet material. It look like a plastic, that in combination with the water it could change the shape in the cube. And the cube is just a beginning. It will be a million of shapes. It could be so useful, not just on the Earth but in the orbit as well. This idea could change the world, and living on it. Imagine you could just print your furniture. An...
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3. HOW IT WORKS
The idea was to improve 3d printer with special technology, a single printer, with multi material features, can transform from any 1D strand into 3d shape, 2d surface into 3d shape or morph from one 3d shape into another. The shape of 3d technology is basic mode for 4d. Objet Connex multi-material technology is an 3D printing important part of his work – and is being used extensively in this new process. The Connex multi material technology allows the researchers to program different material properties into each of the various particles of the designed geometry and harnesses the different water-absorbing properties of the materials to active the self-assembly process. With water as its activation energy, this technique promises new possibilities for embedding programmability and simple decision making into non-electronic based materials.
The printing press was, arguably, the most impactful invention in history. Created by Johannes Gutenberg, the printing press are sets of metal letters set in a frame that could be inked, papered and pressed. The printing press affected the fast and wide spread of new ideas changing everyday life. The Protestant Reformation was a movement that changed people’s mind about Catholic belief and created new sects of Christianity. The Exploration Era led to many discoveries of the Americas and opened up the curiosity of many. Both of these historical events were important consequences of the printing press. The Exploration Era was the more important consequence of the printing press than the Protestant Reformation.
General Electric has produced almost 100,000 fuel nozzles for jet engines, Nike has fabricated football cleats for the 2014 Super Bowl, and Ford has created engine covers for the new 2015 Mustang. What ties these three world-renowned companies together? The fact that a 3-D printer made these products possible. Another Industrial Revolution is on the brink as 3-D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, emerges today. Founded in the 1980’s, the innovative printer has made massive improvements since its birth. Traditional production, also known as subtractive manufacturing, is slowly fading away as consumers and companies partake in the 3-D frenzy. Additive manufacturing is without a doubt the better production method because it ensures quick production, reduced costs, healthier environmental impacts, and major manufacturing advancements in America.
What the most considerate for the consumer should be its “wireless connectivity”. This way, any consumer can print anything anywhere they want, as long as they have a downloaded Tiko app on their cellphones or laptops. As for the Palette 3D printer, it wedded to developing the “controllable multi-color functionality” because most of the previous settings of the 3D printers only allow the consumer to print with one color at a time. Therefore, the Palette printer provides the consumer the chance to “print objects that are much more representative of the ideas that we are trying to communicate”.
Technology has developed to such an extent that we can now manufacture products, previously only possible with expensive machinery, practically right in our living rooms. One such approach is the ability to use a special machine called the 3D printer or the 3D printing machine to create three dimensional objects, by means of an additive process.
PRINTING PRESS AND STANDARDISATION In 1476, William Caxton introduced England to the printing press. This significant introduction to one of the world’s greatest technological innovations, at the time, helped to increase the spread of literacy and knowledge amongst the British people as the mass production of books became cheaper and more commonly available. According to Mastin (2011), the first book ever printed, although Caxton’s own interpretation was ‘The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye’ in 1473. Furthermore, Mastin (2011) states that in the following 150 years after the introduction of printing, up to 20000 books were printed.
The field of bioprinting, using 3D printing technology for producing live cells with extreme accuracy, could be the answer to many of the problems we as humans face in the medical field. It could be the end to organ waiting lists and an alternative for organ transplants. In 3D printing technology lies the potential to replace the testing of new drugs on animals. However, the idea of applying 3 dimensional printing to the health industry is still quite new and yet to have a major impact. Manufacturing working 3D organs remains an enormous challenge, but in theory could solve major issues present today.
Advanced CNC fabrication tools and 3D printing machines have made notable improvements in the construction industry. The benefits of this new approach have been developed over many years to increase...
Pablo Picasso, a painter from the 19th century once said; “Action is the foundational key
Augmented Reality challenged the dealers and producers to provide the customers with an interactive experience for shopping. LEGO was one such company that was successful in creating such an application. They created an augmented reality application, such that when it when the customer places the product in front of this machine, they could see the packaging of the desired model and also view a virtual 3D view of what it would look like when it is completed. This application is created using 2nd generation Intel core i7 processors which power the Digital Box Kiosks, which in turn produces striking 3D details of the products. This LEGO Digital Box Kiosks are available in all LEGO stores and also other large toy stores (Metaio GmbH, 2010).
A small but important aspect of Green Engineering derived from these twelve principles is the Biomimetic approach which includes biomimetic surfaces, materials, and other biomimetic and bio-inspired approaches, since they tend to be more eco friendly. Biomimetics (also referred to as bionics or biomimicry) is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. The remarkable properties of the biological materials serve as a source of inspiration for materials scientists and engineers indicating that such performance can be achieved if the paradigm of materials design is changed. While in most cases it is not possible to directly borrow solutions from l...
Determining dot gain, print contrast and ink trap allows us to analyze press sheets and colour bars to find the most favourable running conditions to reproduce a proof for a job. In order to retrieve these print characteristics, multiple density readings are taken with a densitometer from the print control strip to interpret values and use them to asses quality. Dot gain (or tonal value increase) is the increase in the size of a printed dot from plate to press sheet (also in prepress from file/film to print). Dot gain occurs in every printing process and are “most visible in the midtones and deep shadows” (Lawler, 1995), by testing gain and using the dot area equation – a set of adjustment values can be decided upon for how to print the rest of the job. Proofs with high contrast have greater shadow detail - d...
The technology and complex foundation of additive manufacturing (AM) or more commonly known as 3D printing is still being widely explored through trial and error processes to improve this innovative field. Consumer goods such as clothes, food, decoration, household objects and tools, fragrance and so much more has good prospect within the spectrum of AM applications. The 3D printing machine enable industrial designers, mechanical engineer, packaging designers, graphic artists, marketing staff, fashion designers, interior designers and the like to create prototypes efficiently. How is timing more efficient with AM? Time to market shrink significantly as the 3D printer help designers and engineer bring their creation to life swiftly. All matters of aesthetics and functionality can be seen and reformed for optimal quality with AM.
used to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jackets
Augmented reality (AR) is the virtual object which is combination of 3D real environment in the real time. It is more interactive either with graphics or audio enhancing from what we can sense such smell, hear, see or feel it. In other words, it is duplicate the environment around the world in computer. There are applications in various areas in augmented reality and one of them is medical visualization more domain for augmented reality. The topic that discussed is augmented reality application in computer aided surgery and medicine. In research article (Tobias Sielhorst, Marco Feuerstein & Nassir Navab, 2008) medical augmented reality takes it motivation from the need of visualizing medical data and the patient within the same physical space. The reason for chose this topic because it is because this application more advance and the technologies always bring new visualization and interaction using augmented reality in 3D in surgery performing requirements. So, discussing these topics actually need many evaluations to perceive the result to the area of surgery and medicine in medical performance.